JOURNAL OF BOTANY,
BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
EDITED BY HENRY. TRIMEN, M.5B., f.1.8.,
BRITISH MUSEUM,
ASSISTED BY
J. G. BAKER, F.L.S.,
ROYAL HERBARIUM, KEW.
NEW SERIES. VOLUME II.
(VoL. XI. OF THE ENTIRE WORK.) (] Ellustrated with Plates and Wioodveuts.
LONDON :
RANKEN & CO., DRURY HOUSE, ST. MARY-LE-STRAND. Anprew Exuior, 15, Princes Street, Edinburgh ; J. Roruscui.y, Paris ; Asner & Co, Berlin; Wxzstenmann, New York.
1873.
ead
CONTRIBUTORS
THE “JOURNAL OF BOTANY "—NEW SERIES, .
Rey. T. Allin. F. W. C. Areschou Prof. o. C. Bahingtou, E.RS:,
J. Ball, F. R. 8., F.L.8. Prof. H. "Balfour, M.D.,
. Bee eeby. W. Bennett, M.A., BS8c., ere
G. Bennett, M.D., F.L.S.
G. Bentham, F.R. 8., F.L.S. H. Boswell.
R. Braithwaite, M.D., F.L.S, Mrs. Bramwell.
D. Brandis, M.D.,
T. R. Archer Briggs, F. * Ss. J. Britten, F.L 8.
: Bull, M.D. W. Carruthers, F.R.S, F.L.S. . T. Caru
in. we J. M. Crombie, M.A.,
J. Cunnack,
F, Currey, FRG, F.L.S.
J. F. Duthie, B.A.
Prof. W. T. oo Dyer, B.A., B.8c., F.L.S.
on, A.L. F. E. Kitchener, F. i S. . Kurz. Rev. J. E. As aos F.L.S.
E. Lees, F. ce
foe: F.L.S. 80. Lindberg M.D. Mrs, oma C. Longfield. Pro =f W. R. McNab, M.D.,
J. C Melvill, M.A. a ah J. Miers, F.R 8, FL D, Moore, Ph. D., FL. 5
CONTRIBUTORS.
A. G. More, F.L.S.
Prof. J. Morris, F.G 8.
Baron F. von Mueller, Ph.D., F.L.S.
Rev. E. O’Meara, M.A
J. F. Robin F.C. 8. Rep, F.LS. J. Sadler.
J. Scott, F.L.S.
W. G. Smith, F.L.S.
F. Stratton, F.
Rev. G. 8. ‘Streatfeild, M.A. J. T. Boswell Syme, LL.D.,
F. Townsend, M.A.
nan White, M.D.,
J. Willis, Ph.D.
W. Wise. Rev. R. Wood, M.A.
DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. The portrait of Dr. Welwitsch to —, the wae Tab. 128 to
face p. 35. Tabs. 129 and 130 to face p. 65. Tab. 131 to face p. 132 * Tab. 132 to face p. 162.. Tab. 133 to face p. 196 Tab. 134 to face p 246 Tab. 135 to face p. 258. Tab. 136 to face p. 290. Tab. 1: ace p.
327. Tab. 138 to face p. 358. Or all the bag may be placed in their order gre the Index at the end of the volum:
Pp. 191, 192, at end of Jun gna are adele the leaf to be .sub- stituted i i given with the July ‘hanier
Sa CRE eae Nee ee ee ee
THE
JOURNAL OF BOTANY,
BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
FRIEDRICH WELWITSCH.
A srerkixe and familiar figure for some years past in the scientific circles of London has passed off the e in the person of Dr. Welwitsch. Tall and strongly built, but bearing evident traces of
slowly wandering under the vertical sun over the marshy or sand plains of the coast of Angola. .
In London his life was a very industrious ‘one, and his habits all subordinated to his scientific work. He rose at five or six, and afte
rants, returning to h which generally continued far into the early morning. He took little food and very little sleep, and though constantly suffering always kept up thisroutine. Few men ever worked more assiduously, and though comparatively little of his labours have seen the licht, all d by that ision and let hich are only found
was probably underrated, from his difficulty in expressing his ideas c i uch with him
ascertained, but it was in the year 1807. He. was one of a large family, his father being the owner of an extensive farm, and surveyor N.8. voL. 2. [sanuary 1, 1873. ] B -
a FRIEDRICH WELWITSCH.
of a district in Carinthia, in the Austrian Empire. It was from ac-
one occasion a plant was brought back which puzzled them all—a t mass of trefoil uniformly with four leaflets, about which uite silent. i
q
n ad urse as sent the University of Vienna, being intended for the legal profession. But the irresistible tendency towards Natural Science drew hi om the Law d
* See a letter to Mr. Pamplin, the London agent for the Unio Itineraria, in Hooker’s “ London Journal of Botany’ ii,, p. 119.
FRIEDRICH WELWITSCH. 3
Portuguese language, and then more anny: ares himself to the investigation of the flora of the coun ny, visiting the Serras de Cintra, d i indee
herbarium of Portuguese plants contains more
3 8 own private _ 9000 species, each represented by a large series of well-preserved show
xamples selected to all stages and conditions of the sees with the t tickets furnished in many eases with careful descriptio d synonymy. In August, 1841, Dr. Welwitsch had the pleasure of meeting Robert Brown, who accompanied him for a three days’ excur- sion to the Valle de Zebro. The remembrance of this was always plea- sant to Dr. Welwitsch, who used to show with satisfaction a pocket lens which the great English botanist had given n him on the occasion. In 1847 and 1848 Algarvia, the southernmost province of the kingdom, which had been very little known to botanists, was explored.
Saeae had for his companion in this journey the young Count
‘* Flora”; and in his zeal after Alge, in which he found the Tagus very rich ~ — accustomed to spend hours ‘‘up to his waist in
ry rich, water” da r day. In the second volume of the ‘ Actas” of the Lisbon fm (1850) he published the ‘‘Genera Phycearum Lusitane other results of his work i Cryptogamia were publishe ‘‘ Enumeration of th usci
by Mr. Mitten, and in ‘Notes on the Fungi,’’ by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley. He himself published little else on Portuguese plants —a very short note in the ‘‘Flora”’ for 1849 (p. 528) on a few semi- tropical forms apparently indigenous to the country; a paper on Oaks (Carvalho) of Portugal, printed in 1861 (in the Portuguese ‘The Bry 1,”’ in the
tribution siakionce _ 1872), being all that I can discover. His working copy of Bro tero’ ats Flora “ectnanre is, however, filled with
sdsted, and which would probably add a number of i
the European flora, besides throwing antidecabse light on the rela- tionships of the extreme south-west of Europe with the coun’
the north, the Atlantic islands, and North Africa respectively. It is therefore to be hoped that Dr. Welwitsch’s valuable material will be made full use of by the author of the contemplated oe Flora of
4 FRIEDRICH WELWITSCH.
Portugal, which has been recently announced. In 1851 a large number (12,000 woe ee and 6,000 Cryptogams) of specimens were sent to Mr. Pamplin—who had been Dr. Welwitsch’s agent ever
Besides his botanical investigations, Dr. Welwitsch devoted con-
siderable time to the mollusca and insects of Portugal, and formed
large collections.
It in 1850 that the — of Queen — Maria
first resolved to explore the Portuguese possessions on the West i ith the
0. scientific pag. ohio ‘had now become generally known and appre- ciated throughou t Portugal, was engaged to prepare the contributions
er ae and sympathised with his earnest desires for national progress the prosperity of the colonies. The King himself
seen at etails, prepared instructions, and put the whole in motion. For carrying out the scientific part of his scheme, the King saw in Dr. Welwitsch the very man required for and
dangerous an undertaking. He had been so long in Portugal that his peo were fully enlisted in the welfare and honour of his —.
introduction to the Prince Consort. After some months spent here, during which he received most valuable advice as to botanical
hone = vernment, and with id mao liberty of action. How well
Africa is mainly derived from Dr. Welwitsch’s ‘‘ Apontamentos,” his published letters, and the introduction to Morelet’s emo on the Land and Fresh-Water Shells,” collected during the expedition— Mere a the benefit of Dr. Welwitsch’s supervision
voyage from Lisbon, the Tavs) Be had the opportunity of seeing eiubaee the Cape Verds, S. Iago, Prince’s Island, and Sierra Leone; at Freetown, in the latter dianiad, he stayed nine days in
FRIEDRICH WELWITSCH. -
September, and first became acquainted with a thoroughly tropical
vegetation. He reached Loanda, the capital of Angola, in -the
beginning of October, 1853, and making that town the base of his
operations, he at once undertook excursions in eve ry direction, collect- a her
will
in the ‘‘ Proceedings of the Linn. Soc.,’’ vol ii., p. res He devoted nearly a year to the thorough investigation of this maritime zone, and then started for the interior, following the course of the Bengo. Having reached the district of Golungo-Alto, he fixed himself at a place in its centre, about 125 miles from the coast, and situated in a mountainous region, called Sange, whence he made expeditions, often extended to great distances. Two years were spent here in these arduous oxptaneibiad through almost impenetrable forests, during which Dr. Welwitsch wiiffored repeatedly and severely from "endemic fevers, scurvy, and ulcerated legs, the usual concomitants of African
travel ; but he never abandoned his work. It was during his resi- dence at San . Welwitsch made the acquaintance of Dr ivingstone, then (October, 1854) on his way Loanda, g lled the ce from Cape elle lived together for some , and the meeting had the effect of deter- mi Dr. tsch on relinquis a he had previously entertaine to make his across the continent
known, a successfully accomplished during the two follow- ing yea "in 1856 Dr. Welwitsch left Golungo-Alto, and travelling south- west through the district of Ambaca, which he found full of novelties, reached that of Pungo-Andongo in October. Of this stage of his ex-
a paper on the “ Black Rocks” of the district, from which it received its old name of the Presidio das Pedras negras. The annual blacken- ing after each rainy season of these masses of gneiss, 300 to 600 feet in height, he found to be caused by the immense increase and spread
wnwards
vegetation, from the various districts of ec and sub-tropical Africa, judiciously grouped together, with fm considerable number of forms of vegetation quite peculiar to itself.”
Making this paradise a centre, he passed cht months in travers-
* It was here that Rhipsalis Cassytha, Gartn., the only Cactacea hitherto found out of America, was discovered.
6 FRIEDRICH WELWITSCH.
ing the district in every direction, crossing the singular range Pedras de Guinga, the banks of the Lombe and the Cuige, and pen trating as far as the charming islands of Calemba, in the Cuanza, sad the immense eg sion stretch from Quisonde to — near the cataracts of the ri uanza. This point, about 250 m the coast, was the farthest to the east which was reached. On his way back to Pungo-Andongo, Dr. Welwitsch visited the salt-lakes of Quitage and the magnificent forests on the right banks of the Cuanza, and during a short stay at ae em explored the woods beyond the Rio Luxillo, and in the direction of Cambambe. After this he returned to ae old station of Golumgo-Alto, intending to explore the banks of io Lucala and region of Duque de Braganga to the eastwards ; eu on the first night of the expedition, he was deserted by half his men, and the remainder refused to advance. ‘To his great regret he was therefore obliged to abandon the enterprise, and return to Sange, where he devoted several weeks to the arrangement of his collections. Thence he travelled back to Loanda, reachi it in August, 1857, having completed three years of unaided explo- tions.
“Pee time the territory explored by Dr. Welwitsch com- prised a triangle, of which the base, of about 120 geographical miles, er the coast, whilst the apex was the point already mentioned . at ree on the right bank of the Cuanza. i
forced inaction at Loanda, he corresponded with botanists,* ol (in J June, 1858) drew up a valuable ae of a sete in the form of a Mappa Phyto-geographica, a of his botanical collections. This was published a Sia sills the title
Angola na Africa Equinocial,” in the ‘‘Annaes do Conselho Ultra- marino”? for December, 1858. From this paper of sixty-six closely printed pages, we learn that he had, during his three years of travel, collected and arranged 3227 species of plants (to which 510 were
afte: whole number of species collected, followed, in columns, by the’ number in each of the three regions, lito ral, montane, and high table-
on the distribution and most characteristic nana found. Many new species are first mentioned or described in the appendix which con- cl i eatise.
Successful as had been the scientific results of these travels, erst had been attained only at the price of shattered health, and rest w absolutely necessary. A short trip to the district of Libongo, ih of Loanda, was the only journey made till June, 1859, when his health having been somewhat restored, though still suffering from fever, Dr. Welwitsch recommenced his explorations in fate direction. His intention was to investigate the littoral region of Benguela and Mossamedes only, but his travels, fortunately for science, extended over a greater extent of co ountry. After a short
* Two valuable letters on the vegetation of Angola, addressed to Mr W. W. Saunders, are printed in the Linn. Society’s Jo urnal, vol, iii., p. 150.
FRIEDRICH WELWITSCH. 7
time passed at Benguela, in Lat. 12 deg. 30 min. S., he proceed by sea to Mossamedes ( Little — Bay, Lat. 15 deg. 8° ), where the magnificent climate speedily recovered him, and he gradually ex- tended his journeys, first along the pone as far south as Ca: ape Negro, the port of Pinda, and the Bay of Tigers (Lat. 17 deg. 8S.), and inland he ele
ards as the spring (October) approached, to the elevated plateau calle a, iles » Which th ght of from about 5800 to 6000 feet above the sea-level. A short sketch of the vegetation of the coast region is given in a pub- lished letter to Dr. Hooker (Journ. Society, vol.v., p. 182) wri D return to Loanda. The ble differences between its flora and that of the coast of An are vi
however, the forms characteristic of the Cape flora are lost; the vegetation becomes with every step richer in purely tropical forms, — are especially developed on the banks of the Béro, in a variety
e would never have imagined in so apparently dry a coast region.” Farther south this dryness becomes more more excessive and the poorer, chiefly consisting i@. As Cape * egro (Lat. 15 de is approached, es to form a a plateau, of about 3000 or 4000 feet in height, and ex-
n es in e country, compos a ¢ 8 stated > r with loose sandstone-shingle e vegetation on this arid
botanist, and has formed the subject of a fine memoir ker, rans., vol. xxiv., 1863)—the Welwitschia murabilis,* since found in very similar country by Baines and Anderson in D
Land, near Walfisch Bay, some 500 miles south of Cape Ne egro. Of this plant Dr. Hooker says in the memoir rypinal pean it is ‘fone that I do - hesitate to consider the most w in a botani
point of vi w, that has been brought to light aes the present
should prove it a figment of the mene
t the vegetation of the highlands of Huilla, though bringing to light no such wonder as the “Wehvitechia, produced quite as strong an impression on the mind i of the traveller. He started from Mossamedes at the beginning of October, and fellating the banks of the Mayombo, reached Bumbo, on the slopes of the Serra de Chella, and crossing that chain at a height of about 4200 one a himself on the tableland at the end of the month. ‘‘ The apecenenns the landscape, the aspect of forest and Sc ARE HE whole character of the rane eg was at once and entirely changed as look
* Reichenbach’s Polemoniaceous epee ee (1837) was reduced to Gilia by Bentham. (See DC. Prod. ix., 10,)
8 FRIEDRICH WELWITSCH:
beautiful flora of this mountainous country, watered with innumerable streams running to the south to join the Cacolovar, which flows into the Cunene, and covered with pasture-lands always green and fresh ;
account of the botany of Huilla, which—li f the mountain: the Bight of Biafra, since so successfully investigated n— ars a strong similarity to that of $ given in a letter to
? M. De Candolle, written by Dr. Welwitsch after his return to Portugal, and published in the ‘‘ Bibliothtque Universelle de Genéve” for J uly, 1861, with remarks by M. De Candolle Over 2000 species were collected in the province of Benguela by Dr. Welwitsch, whose investigations in this attractive country w
Lo Huilla, founded about three years previously, was attacked g of Munanos to the number of 15, ey held it
closely blockaded for two months, during which the little garrison, of Fe h was a member, kept them bravely at bay, until
they at length gave up the siege and contented themselves with carry- ing off all the flocks they could find and dispersing among the moun-
returned to Mossamedes and Loanda, whence, wounded and stricken
with fever and dysentery, he embarked for Lisbon with his immense
collections, arriving in the Tagus in J anuary, 1861.
is herbarium, with which we have chiefly to do, is undoubtedly
the best and most extensive ever collected in Tropical Africa, whether i sic interest o
fe travellers more or less ignorant of botanical science. No expleration ever more conclusively proved the importance of entrust- ing investigations 0) 8 trained botanists and me
importance of his herbarium may be judged of from what Professor Oliver says in the preface to the Flora of Tropical Africa, ‘‘ For o material Lo i
in respect of judicious selection and admirable preservation, are with- out rival. His
FRINDRICH WELWITSCH. 9
also been at our service.”? Of this Flora two volumes have been
0 excellent specimens and notes afforded the descriptions and enabled inferior . specimens from other collectors to be referred to their
examination of his African herbarium ; but in ce of collec- tions, books, and qualified men in Lisbon, little witha bee dicho towards naming and arranging them. It was, indeed, absolutely necessary to roceed to one of the great scientific centres, and London was selected. After a visit to the meee sa Exhibition of 1862, Dr. Welwitsch returned to Lisbon, and commenced the removal of the greater part of his collections, with whic ree? in the next year, 1863, he arrived in ~
; es gE of the work of examining, naming, and publishing the plants, and to defray the attendant expenses, Dr. Welwitsch should receive a regular grant which he considered sufficient.
He at once set to his work, and also entered into various arrange- ments with societies and individuals for engraving plates and publish- ing descriptions ; but hardly had two years passed when, to use his own words in the instructions to his executors, ‘“‘a false and calumnious
wt ;
attack e€ upon me in the Portuguese House of Parliament. Some one asserted that I was selling the Angolan collections an livin lendour on th eeds,” and ‘‘ without the slightest
six months after the attack, that my subsidium had been I have been left to proceed with my work in London por the slightest a or remunera — and have had to pay out of my
faith of my oma subsidium I nora gee ae myself ; and when I have sent to the Portuguese Ssocbintn cat copies of my works, I have never been gratified by the smallest expression of approval, or with any recognition of my self-sacrifice and devotion
It is only proper to put these facts on record, as they afford a clue to much of Dr. Welwitsch’s conduct and character r during the last few years of his life in London, Not that he ever withdrew his hand — from his Te He worked at his collections without intermission from early morning till late at night, in spite of frequent fevers and other actin of his tropical life, and was indefatigable in ae himse coura vo with .. eon was published in botani and entomological science, and naming and arranging his coll parce accordance ; me 7 felt dewpiy't the unworthy conduct of the Govern- ment of the c ye in whose service he had sacrificed the best part of his life, ein e became suspicious and averse to society. With the exception of a visit to Paris in 1867, in connection with the
10 “FRIEDRICH WELWITSCH.
Exhibition there, for which he prepared the catalogue of the industrial products of the Portuguese section (in which will be found a great amount of previously unpublished matter), he has lived cons ly in London, alone and absorbed in his work, in spite of ill-health sufficient to have caused most men to seek rest and quiet. It was not, however, till
he summer of 1872 that there was any reason for anxiety e at that time in the house where he lodged. th rrow escape of
collections, which were scorched and blackened by the smoke, pro- duced a severe nervous shock, and soon aft came § ly
ss he continued to work, and the singular strength of his: constitution was exceedingly striking, but at last he was obliged to give up, and after a painful illness of about six weeks, during which he was cheered
of Portu
Besides the memoirs and papers — mentioned on African Botany, Dr. Welwitsch, since his residence in London, oe several others, the most important of per seci is the Sertum Angolense in the ‘‘ Trans. Linn. Soc.,” vol. xxvii. (1869), with twenty-five plates by Fitch. In this i communication a number of the most
re carefully and fully de genera are founded, sad iotuaigtt new species, and in the introduc- tion is a succinct account (in Latin) of the geography and climate of nna ona and Benguela.
There are also two papers in the ‘‘ Journal of the Linn. Soc.,’’ ‘ On Scomaicuble Species of Cissus from the South of Benguela, &e., &e.””
Viii., p.- , and ‘Observations on the and Geographical Distribution of Gum Copal in Angola” (ix., p. 287), and a antl on can Loranthacee in the ‘‘ Gardener’s Chronicle’? for July 1st, 1871. In conjunction with Mr. Currey he published the first part of Fungi Angolenses (Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxvi., p. 279), containing a number of new species. Though he is thus seen to have been himself far from what is d
€ w the account of Welwitschia by Dr. Hooker. Besides these A. De Candolle has monographed the Campanulacee in the Ann. des a Nat. ; and Oliver the Lentibulariacee in beset Journ. Linn.
Bos,, ik: p. 144, our pages (vols. ii. iii.), under the title oft "Welwitschii Iter Dadian the Eupharbiae cee, Hila Big cee, have formed the subject
through botanical literature. In the Cryptogams, Duby has care- fully monographed the Mosses in the Memoirs of the Natural History Society of Geneva for 1870-71, and Nylander has given an account of the Lichens in the “ Bull. Soc. "Linnéenne de Normandie” for 1869.
e great importance of the African collections renders it a subject for unmixed satisfaction that the collector’s own complete
FRIEDRICH WELWITSCH. 11
‘series of them will, there is every reason to believe, be retained in this country, Dr. Welwitsch having by will directed it to be offered at a fixed price to the British Museum. Of the sets, he directs the first two to go to the Portuguese Government, and another to the Academy of Lisbon ; the remaining sets are given to Dr. Schweinfurth, of Berlin, andolle, of Geneva, and the Botanical Museums of Berlin,
Vienna, Paris, Copenhagen, Rio Janeiro, Carinthia, and Kew; a set
the plants has been entrusted by the executors to Mr. Hiern, who, if preset will be assisted by Dr. Schweinfurth, of Berlin; in connec- tion with this it is intended to print for distribution with the sets a shea list of the whole collection, including such brief descriptions
The whole of the general iechaviinn rine the fine Lusitanian collec- tion, as well as all books and instruments, and Dr. Welwitsch’s own series of African insects and m crelieaeay a sides all other eet mere are lett to the rr Academy of Sciences and Zoological Muse of Lisbon. Sets of the insects and mollusca are in
Heciieddtind to Dr. Peters, of Berlin, and to the Museum of Carinthia. thus making his will in favour of Portugal, Dr. Welwitsch was actuated by the hope that his collections may form the nucleus of a great national “sewer which will promote “the study of Botany in that country; and he has directed that all surplus specimens shall be sold and the proceeds given to the Portuguese Government for the ndowing a conservator. Dr. Welwitsch concludes his
i is last words :—
make any a ch they that oul be fom grati ifying to me would be by fostering that herba- rium and museum of which I wish now to lay the foundation. The portrait prefixed to this notice is taken from a ase by Messrs. Maull and Co., of Piccadilly. Henry Truren,
Original Articles.
THE INFLUENCE OF INSECT-AGENCY ON THE DISTRI- BUTION OF PLANTS By F. Bucnanan Wurst, M.D.
In urging botanists to study the influence that insect-agency has upon the distribution of plants (see vol x., p. 834), Mr, Bennett
If Sphinx Convolvuliis the chief agent in the fertilisation of Convol- vulus sepiwm, then the reason why that plant seldom in Britain
12 THE INFLUENCE OF INSECT-AGENCY.
perfects seed (as is said to be the case) is readily explained. The
moth is rare in Britain, and I do not at present remember any record of its eis been seen visiting the flowers of “estar though it is generally taken in the act of hovering over flowers, notably Petunia id hon neysu ciokdes Though Sphinz Geavadiols occurs throughout Britain (even beyond the range of Convolvulus, e.g., Orkney), yet it is most especially a southern rea ny perhaps that may account @ some measure for the rarity in state (at least in my experience) of Convolvulus sepium in Scot a
Dianthecia (a genus of night-flying moths) must exert a great in
fluence upon the fertilisation (and consequent abundance) of Silene and Lychnis. In fact, the perpetuation of the race of these moths de- pends upon the fertilisation of the plants, since the larve feed only upon the unripe seeds. This is a case somewhat similar to, though by no means so extraordinary as, that mentioned by Professor Riley at the last meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Professor Riley showed how the fertilisation of Yucca de-
ity
plant, may have a supply of unripe seeds to feed upon. In regard to Lychnis and Silene, it is possible that if there were no Dianthecie the plants might be more numerous, since other moths visit the flowers, though the Dianthecie are the chief visitors. Silene maritima is the most frequented species (it is, perhaps, worth remarking ae it has also the largest flowers, and is, perhaps, the most numerou ee
als—of course, in proport habitat); Lychnis F'los-cuculi is more especially visited by Denton Cucubali; and Silene Otites, aplantof theeastern counties, by Dianthecia ievabtienien: On the Continent this — frequents a veertie oe: culata. I know of no insect visitors tlene acaulis and Lychn alpestris. Possibly, if Lychnis Sondiott had more insect visitors, i it might be more abundant on our mountains, though the peculiarities of the locality (in ae at least) have doubtless something to do with its restricted ran It is probable that jsbite are the agents in the production of the numerous hybrids that occur between species of the genus Carduus, - on the flat horizontal top of whose heads various species of Lepidop- tera may often be seen. The downy bodies of these moths would —e convey pollen from one plant to another, and, when the plants e different species, hybridisation might be the result in a — the, species of which seem so liable to that phenomenon. Cardu Carolorum, which is cpl 4 to be a hybrid between C. palustris aii Cc. oral tes oh have been produced by the agency of TZrichius — fasciatus (a beetle belonging to the family Cetoniade), whose thorax and se a are very shaggy, and which loves to bury its head and shoulders in the head of a thistle. This beetle is rather rare in Britain, but is not uncommon in the district where Carduus Carolorum was d.
The csigen of rn ay (a genus of small es inhabit flowers. M. Brisout, in L’ Abele (vol. viii., January, 1 pe points out flowers in which the various species are generally to be found. Amon
*
CAMBIUM AND MERISTEM. | 13
these are Genista, Galium, Prunus oe Symphytum officinale, Mercurialis perennis, Trifolium medium, Solanum Dulcamara, Helilotus, Cynoglossum officinale, Lotus and other Zabechinbads, Lamium album,
ne Mentha, Marrubium vulgare, Nepeta Cataria, Ballota nigra,
with many nocturnal Lepidoptera, and this, perhaps, partly accounts for the great number of individuals of this plant. Moths usually abound in places where the Zeuerium grow
y flower-frequenting stat moths have more or less strongly developed crests of hairs on the thorax. Many flowers frequented by these moths have blossoms with mouths directed to the horizon (¢.6., neither drooping nor facing the zenith), and stamens more or less exserted and ascending; styles also more or less exserted. moth visits such a flower it either hovers in front of it and plunges its haustellum into the corolla, or else rests on the flower and does th same. In either case it brushes the stamens with its thorax, aed carries off eo a supply of pollen to the next flower visited. Now, it is worth noting that some of the moths which hover (e.g., the Plusvide* and Cucullia) have very strongly developed thoracic crests,
long exserted ascending stamens and styles (¢.g. Echium vulgare and Lonicera Periclymenum). If ens in th ts were short, the*pollen would have little chance of being ed off by the thorax f the moth, and it does not rea dhere (as the sticky pollen masses of the orchids do) to the haustellum, and if rax of the moth was smooth the pollen w not be off, ev though the stamens are exse ; whereas with exserted and ascend-
ing stamens in the flower and crested thorax in the moth, we have every condition necessary to insure a greater or less quantity of pollen ares conveyed from one plant to another. In the Ladiate the stamens,
ough so few, seem to be especially arranged in many species, that panty chance may be afforded of pollen being carried. In Ajuga reptans and Zeucrium Scorodonia the stamens are exse and ascending, an are four in number—two long and two shorter. An insect therefore in plunging its head into the corolla would almost necessarily brush all the four stamens. These plants are much visited by moths.
CAMBIUM AND MERISTEM. By W. R. McNas, M.D., Professor of Botany, Royal College of Science for et pen
In considering the structure of stems, it is of primary importance to have definite ideas regarding the tissue which increases by division of its cells, and thus adds to the bulk of the whole. Much hay
* Have also crested heads.
14 CAMBIUM AND MERISTEM.
All tissue capable of multiplying by division was described by Schleiden, Schacht, and others as cambium. Naegeli* perceived that re a mar istincti i
young fibro-vascular bundle and the cambium of Sanio, giving to the former the name procambium.
mbium, then, is the tissue of the young fibro-vascular bundle before it becomes differentiated into the various forms of permanent tissue. Cambium, on the other hand, is that zone of tissue between the xylem and phloem part f the LL vase 1 1 VW f 34: Psi, es. | ——
chi(—gymno) sperms on wl ich the ci ferent
in rows, and from the periblem the cortical tissues develope,
i ith. The pericambium, which is a single layer of cells, exists only in roots, and separates the periblem from the plerom—being, in fact, the external layer of the plero:
hi with its appendages, we may consider as dermatogen tissues—a ve
* Beitrige zur Wiss. Botanik, i,, p. 2. + Bot. Zeitung, 1863, p. 362. } Lehrbuch, ed. 2, p. 90. § Botanische Abhandl., Pt. 1,
CAMBIUM AND MERISTEM. 15
In considering the different forms of stems, it is of the greatest
otyledon we have cambiu of meristem, all containing cells capable of multiplying: by division. There is the phellogen, or cortical meristem, the meristem forming the ndles. Th
medullary rays cokenye analy Naegeli), or, in other words, toca
rming a uniform zone, while the bark increases in thickness by the ffination of new cells (chiefly cork) by the periblem meristem
In monocotyledons the procambium does not form cambium, the
whole of the tissue forming the permanent cells and vessels of the
bundle. In some stems the plcrom ee layer is well developed,
as, for example, in Dracena.* In monocotyledons the periblem tissues
are but slightly developed. Rear: the periphery of the stem se
n of
rm,
- undles develope, in Dracena new cane strings form, and thus both plerom “pereaghymne (pith) and new fibro- vascular — s, with their varied forms of tissue, are produced
In vascular cryptogams no dsarintogen forms, the two elements, plerom ont periblem, alone existing. The plerom tissues seem early to pass into permanent tissue, no cambium or meristem remaining The periblem tissues are, however, vonmore'd developed. The avian layer differentiates into an epidermis with its appendages, while the periblem meristem may be largely Senlios ed, as in Jsoetes, in which circumferential growth is seen to take Ha th
In the gi
1Z say that this gro is
exogenous, meaning that the growth rates that of a dicotyledon
or scepobisnerms seems a mistake, because it is on the periblem
istem, and not on the cambium and plerom meristem, that the
pone depends. In most archisperms, as in the vascular cryptogams,
no dermatogen is formed, the primitive meristem differentiating into periblem and plerom "
Sachs divides the tissues of plants into three groups—epidermal tissues, fibro-vascular bundles, and primitive tissue (grundgewebe). The latter form must be abandoned, because it belongs both to the periblem and gi and I be lieve the most satisfactory divi-
s’ Lehrbuch, ed. 2, y “te fig. 90. 7 Lebsbach. ed. 2, p. 74, e
16 NEW FERNS FROM LORD HOWE’S ISLAND.
sion of tissues will be as’ I have just indicated into dermatogen, Apres and even tissues, all possessing certain forms of cells common, as all arise from an originally similar tissue.
NEW FERNS FROM LORD HOWE’S ISLAND. By J. G. Baxer, F.L.S.
Durine the recent expedition to Lord oa s Island from Australia ra study the eclipse, two interesting new ferns were dis- covered, of which specimens have been sent to Rabhnd by Mr. Charles
oore, of eee se are—
PTERIS) M , Baker: frondibus magnis oblongo- deltoideis Siginustisde, iki imbricatis oblongo-lanceolatis, in- ferioribus centralibus paulo minoribus leviter deflexis, pinnulis lanceolatis, segmentis late “Ngalatia vel infimis subcuneato-flabellatis apice a crena is, venulis in segmentis 3—5.
’s Island, summit of Mount Gower. eer expidetion,
procure and aie rond a foot and a half long oy a foot ena chong, aie ee in texture to the Pe. nown — ‘both surfaces and rachises qui eanes s and nak
cope the lowest spreadin ng taper these latter rather shorter and a little deflexed, as in hymenop hylloides and Fraseri, not distant and dwindling down to a very small size very gradually, as in superba.
innules so close as to be rather imbricated, lanceolate, the most developed an inch long, sessile, nearly equally rocrgenee or subtruncate at the ena cut down near rly to = midrib into ec ontiguous erecto-
cutting is the same as that Ayinionophyllotdes, but that aha the whole sites separate pinne, and especially the ternary segments are on a much larger scale, and the shape of the pinne and segments quite different, In hymenophylloides a
NEW FERNS FROM LORD HOWE’S ISLAND. 17
AsrLextu: (Darga) preriporprs, Baker: stipitibus nudis com-
pressis viridibus, frondibus oblongo-deltoideis tripinnatifidis glabris i itudi iocribus viridi is in
8, ligulatis obtusis integris ascendentibus instructis, venulis erecto- + 441 * & 4 is 2S 3s. Me pOES La *
P 5 distor dpa cence Pais elongatis (36 lin. longis) submarginalibus, semper extrorsum apertis. With the preceding. Caudex not seen. Stipe naked, green, short, compressed. Frond oblongo-deltoid, under a foot long by half a foot broad, tripinnatifid,
green, glabrous, naked, rather fleshy in texture. Main rachis green, flattened, naked, winged in the upper half of the frond. Lower
stinct, the erecto-patent venules of the p g up one into the centre of each lobe to its apex. Sori linear, placed only on the outermost venules of the pinnules and rea to ge
glabrous. A very distinct plant, looking at the first glance more like a Pteris than an Asplenium. colour, texture, and cutting it most resembles
some of the forms of Asplenium bulbiferum, from which it differs totally in its long, always submarginal sori. The truncate ligulate
lobes are contiguous and open out face to face in a way that shows an
The same collection contains what I believe to be a new Lastrea near recedens and velutinum, but the specimen is scarcely full enough — to characterise it clearly in a group where the forms approach closely to one another.
18 SHORT NOTES AND QUERIES.
SHORT NOTES AND QUERIES.
Jersey Prants.—Mr. Piquet, well known to have an intimate pons of Sabie Botany, has sent two plants of great = ales from the west coast of Jersey. Centaurea paniculata, L., which wa
abundance. Few botanists have seen specimens me Jersey (see the Floras of Babington, Boswell Syme, and J. D. Hoo eels The locality is a very desolate spot north of St. Ouen’s Pond, on barren sandy hillsides, where it is so abundant as to render the. place literally purple with its flowers. So unpromising vi these hills look, that
foot of the very hills where the plant is now so abundant, so that, as he riguebig it is very strange that in the long interval he had never
with it. He adds, ‘‘ It appears to me that the plants I Sse eighteen years ago must have come from seeds wafted
n
arundinacea, Euphorbia Portlandica, &c.; Centaurea Isnardi is also common there. With C. paniculata Mr. Piquet has also forwarded specimens of : Scabious, which was found growing with the Centaurea. This ap to be S. maritima, a plant which has not been, so far as I know, ever cubase g in western rm France, though it occurs in Portugal
the flowers, oe best authors consider S. maritima as specifically . atro-purpurea s0 Common in gardens, which may be considered fe a ‘cultivat ed race, of which S. maritima is the wild
weight. With reference to C. paniculata, there is great room for difference of opinion as to whether it can be indigenous to the Channel Islands, though it is more. probably so than S. maritima. —Henry Troven.
Mancuestzr Prants (vol. x., p. 376).—I do not see that there is any ground for surprise that a given plant should be plentiful fifteen
80
as papa ever to be observed. There are plenty of examples of plants occurring in a meadow upon one side of a watercourse, and tae absent from the field on the contrary side, in consequence prob- ably of pas considerable difference in the soil, Not far from where
SHORT NOTES AND QUERIES. 19
respective sides know quite well what to provide for, merely by 1 i tuate. Between
abundantly near Manchester, but also Mentha hirsuta; their names were accidentally omitted in my paper.—Lxo Grrxpon.
Evruyncuium 1 Eurhynchium prelongum of the neighbourhood of Oxford, like all that I have seen from other counties, seems identical _with the Hypnum
ovate, or ovato-lanceolate, acuminate all points exactly as admi- rably figured and described in Bryologia Europwa, under the name of F. Stokesii, Turn At the same time the description and figures of EL. pralongum of that work afford a correct representation of Z.
; ongum, Dill., growin T have North of England and Irish specimens that seem halfway steps to it, but none that correspond quite to my notions of the real thing. —H. Boswexu.
See
ossineé or CrncHona Barxs.—Mr. John Broughton, in a letter to 8 Th i
. 6c“
e renewing. T newed bark after a year and half’s growth is one quarter the thickness of that on an untouched tree nine years old. The analysis compared with the latter I will quote :—
c 2
20 SHORT NOTES AND QUERIES.
aap tree. Renewed bark. Total alkaloids 6°36 per cent. 6°39 per cent. Quinine 1°36 321 Cinchonidine and Cinchonine 5°00 3°18
I have carried the a further, but that will be enough the purpose. he wed bark can scarcely be oved from the tre i m i
g
8 moss. At present I am averse to the process, and do not think it can compare with coppicing. It requires much care, and can only be
Ecurum viotacrum.—Under this name Mr. Edward Newman, in the Field, records the discovery of the Channel Islands plant “in some abundance near the Land’s End, by Mr. Ralfs, of Penzance.” He adds that ‘‘the high reputation of Mr. Ralfs as a botanist pre- cludes the possibility of a mistake in this instance.”
GiaproLus mLyRicus, Hoch.—The re-discovery of this plant in the Isle of Wight cannot fail to possess much interest and weight in the question whether or not it is to be considered indigenous t than From Mr. A. G. te s account of the mer of this plant in the island,
originally recorded in the Jo f the Linnean Society, vol. vi., p. 177, it ae that the only mes Ss n found, which is now in the herbarium of the Isle of Wight Philosophical Society at Ryde, was gathered in America Woods, near inthe in 1855, and since that
according to their observations, ‘‘ seems to refer ae open, un unshel-
spots on a sandy soil to sylvan situations, and this agrees with Continental habitats.” There is therefore some shop gonad that this plant is really native in the Isle of Wight.—Faep. Srrarron.
*¢ Borany”’ (vol. ix. a pp. 114, 303).—-W, Coles, in his pr tet. io ringer rset oFie sad ’ (1656), uses this word in the mod erm sense. In Rey nae
h ; “‘ Having already presented thee with one of the Handmaids of Physick, — is Botany, I conceive it not altogether impertinent to propose er, and that is Anatom This word is used in the same sense in fa the preface to his * Art of Simpling. %—-W. CARRUTHERS.
LILIUM THUNBERGIANUM. 21
Lerrprom Derasa, Z., 1x Sourm Hants.—This plant, the intro- duction of which has been affirmed to be one of the results of the ill-
Compendium of the Cybele Britannica, p , the note as to this species should be amended by the addition eee 2.—Frep. I. Warner.
Extracts and AWbhstrarts.
ENUMERATION OF THE CULTIVATED i caeeteaes OF LILIUM THUNBERGIANUM
By J. G. Baxer, F.L.S., anv W. T. Tuiszzton Dyer, B.A., B.S8c., F.L.S.
In general t unbergianum ts of tng distingushe from the other three subspecies by—1, its dwarfer habit and pasa roader leaves ; nce of bulbs in the leaf axils; 3, t
larger, often solitary flowers, which are much less lame papillose. In the following notes an attempt has been made to settle the nomenclature of the different forms. The descriptions have been principally drawn up from plants grown by Messrs Barr and Sugden at their grounds at Tooting, and we are indebted to the kindness of wm Barr for the opportunity of examining them - Thunbergianum (proper), Lindl. Bot. Reg. ~» XXvV., 1839, t. 38.
tie plant figured by Maund, t. 158, and Z. aur. aurantiacum, Paxton’s Mag., vi., p. 127, ar ator sip. forms. Mr. Barr’s plant differs in its shorter leaves, au stem, less widely expanded flower, with fewer spots and longer filame
2. brevifolium, Nob. ; Thunbergianum, Hort. Barr.—Stem under a foot, green through hout. Leaves about 30, lanceolate, bright lustrous green, glabrous ; ce lower a. a inches long, the upper 1—14 inch; all §—3 inch broad. vain solitary, 3 inches deep, the divisions Gibieetags a nd not so spre nad as in typical Thun nbergianum (Bot. Reg.) when fully expenien: inner, 1} inch, outer 1 inch broad at the
22 LILIUM THUNBERGIANUM.
middle, rather pale uniform scarlet; upper three-quarters of each plain and concolorous, lower quarter with a few small black raised papillose spots, very slightly rp ns and the groove densely hairy. Filaments 2} inches long; anther 43-5 lines; pollen bright scarlet. Ovary clavate, 1 inch long; style phir 20—2i 1 line
color, Moor ore, Flor. Mag., t. 104. —Stem cnihe a foot, quite glabrous, purple at "the base, green above. Leaves about 40, more
and narrower than in 2 ; lower linear, 3 inches long, s—ti inc
broad, with “3 nerally three distinct nerves on each side of the midrib, uppermost lanceolate, 3—Z inch broad. Flowers 1—2, 3} inches deep, divisions imbricating when expanded, inner 18—21 lines broad, outer 14—16 lines broad at the middle, crimson or scarlet peeve the edge, but with a dash of Scag own the middle; a few faint
ch. Ovary J— To this form is apparently “ be referred L. aurantiacum, Hort. Krelage, and L. pictum, Hort. Sie 4. Wilson, Leichtlin, sia um, Moore, Flor. and Pom. 1868, p. 121, cum tab.—Mr. Moore suspects this to bea hybrid. The general
compound umbel. Something, however, must be allowed fr fies effect
5. alutaceum, Nob. ; ; Thunbergianum aureum nigro-maculatum, FI. d. Serres, t. 1627. —Stem under a foot. Leaves about 30, lower 2—22 inches long, —2 inch broad, ete! lanceolate, 132" inches long, 3—¥8 inch broad. Flower solit ,3 Risen deep, the divisions not imbricating when fully expand —13 lines, outer 9—10 lines broad at the middle, pale apricot oe wnt throughout, with copious small purple black spots in the lower half, pia ee lamelle o papillee, edges of the groove less raised than 3
armeniacum, Nob. ; venustum, Hort. ice Stand P 1 foot. Leaves inch
L. eitrinum, Hort. Wilson, Lom to hee a am Peehe ‘related to this. It was shown at Birmingham, but we have not had the oppor- tunity of comparing it side by side with armeniacum. A luxuriant growth is characteristic of Mr. Wilson’s treatment of Lilies ; the fol- lowing notes are not, therefore, strictly comparable with those given for the other forms.—Stem 23 feet, green. Leaves about 30, 3—5 inches long, $—1 inch w Lbs 3—5 veined; uppermost rather shorter, 1} inch wide, about 7-veined. Bracke "lanceolate, 14 inch long. Flowers 3, divisions not arleyilig when fully expanded, concolorous, destitute of ots.
7. sanguineum, Hort. ; biligulatum, Hort.; lateritium, Bull Cat.-- Stem 12—16 Shahan “purple towards the base. Leaves about 40,
“NOTICES OF BOOKS. 25
snes 2—21 inches long, 8—# inch broad. Flowers 1—2, the visions 4 inches long, not imbricating when fully ex anded, inner 1618 lines, outer 12—13 lines broad at the middle, deep scarlet
half ; anthers under 2 inch. Ovary 13—14 lines ; style 2 inches. This. does not sakeg eed differ from L. sanguineum, Bot. Reg.
lines broad at the middle, very dark crimson, rather paler towards the
tip, lower half with copious scattered small immersed biome seria black spots and numerous, but not senapencns, paar amelle, hairy groove less than 1 inch. Filaments 2} inches, ra crimson ;
L. hamatochroum, Lem. Ill. Hort., t. 503, appears to be a still darker- flowered state of this. Igens, Hort.—Stem above a foot, purple near the base. Leaves
up ote 40, linear, 24—3 inches long, 4—3 lines: broad, siesneey 3-
ed. Bracts lanceol 13—2 inches $ nch_ broad, Flowers 4—6, the divisions 3 inches deep, not Ete usta pees
de er 12—14 s, outer 9—10 li at the middle,
deep crimson spots, papilla and lamelle very nearly obsolete, hairy
e }—+ inch long. Filaments under 2 inches long, deep crimson ;
anthers 4 lines. Ovary $—% inch; style crimson, 1} inch. By its
taller stem, linear leaves, and numerous flowers, this recedes bhi from L. Thunbergianum in the direction of L. davurieum. L. venus Fl. d. Serres, t. 657, agrees with this in habit, but the flower is orange-scarlet, not so deep in incolour. JZ. Fake var. staminosum, Lem, rt;; t. 422, is this in a ‘‘ double tr. Bull’s recently gnivadnctd narmoat and punctatum we have not seen. The first is probably a variety of dzcolor, and the latter possibly of desi beipdhiiil _ Bide m Gardener's Chronicle, Oct. 12, 1872, p. 1856, with corrections. |
Notices of ooks.
Primitie Monographie Rosarum (Matériaux pour servir 4 |’ histoire des Roses). Par F. Crépin. Deuxiéme fascicule. Gand. Annoot-Braeckman. 1872. Gas pp. 133 3)
the investigation of the specimens in the Willdenow, which he reviews and pronounces upon one by one, The principal
24 NOTICES OF BOOKS.
point elicited of interest to us in Britain, is that he shows etl,
y evidence drawn from specimens and _partl published records, that Willdenow in characterising re mollissima had no clear idea of the plant to which Fries afterwards applied the name, which does not exist at all i in the neighbourhood of B tha
ceived notion of the excessive polymorphism of the Rose-species
the views which he expresses upon this matter I am not prepared to coincide, but his note at the end on the solidarity of characters and the existence of parallel variations is so excellent, and shows so well edo gle and judgment that govern his researches, that I must ex-
As ae in 1861, in the preface to the first edition of the Manual of the Belgian Flora ct have said a few words on the solidarity of characters. B solidarity of characters I mean the correlation which exists between characters that manifest themselves in different organs © of the same plant. I will cite an example to explain more clearly what I mean. Thus in Roses when glands appear we see them manifested on the a face of the ieee the stipules and bracts, on the petioles, the
‘hey: feadh the er surface of the foliar or S see in these different seats of glandulosity a series of ease ey EN characters, whereas there really exists only one. Predominance of glan ulosity
in Roses is usually linked with dubie-cothing: 6 of the leaves. Villo- sity in the genus offers the same phenomena as glandulosity. On the other hand, a certain amount of hypertrophy or atrophy falling short of monstrosity, elongation, dwarfness, giantism, are in their turn the
of a crowd of the minor species which have only a mere book exis- . 112.
e remainder of the brochure is taken up by a detailed review of
three recent publications on the genus—QGodet’s account of the Jurassic oses in his supplement of 1869 to his ‘‘ Flore Br Jura Suisse et Frangais”’; Scheutz’s Studies of the Scandinavian Roses, Wexio, 1872,
a valuable monograph, but unfortunately in Swedish ; of the diagnoses
of the new forms described in which M. Crépin here § gives translations
into Latin; and my own monograph of the British species published
Of my general plan of species-limitation he expresses full approval. Most of his criticisms on points of detail are certainly well founded. He proposes to alter two of my names for primary species—mollis, Smith, instead of neilinead” Willd., for reasons already cited ; and inodora, Fries, ssi 7 gant a, M.B., on the ground that my plant, which is
me the same niga revit he saw my sees; and M. Crépin now
NOTICES OF BOOKS. 25 confirms this, and further adds that Lindley after the puree s
sent to Martius) the manuscript name of R. pruinosa. R. hibernica M. Crépin is disposed to regard as a hybrid
tn four volumes). EWETT Printed for private distribution only. 1872. (pp. 213.)
pendium,”’ published in three “Parts,” in the years 1868, 1869, 1870,
each of which was duly noticed in these pages. In that work the
species of British plants were traced simply through the eighteen
pri “ provinces ” into which the author divides Great Britain. It
was in fact a condensed and amended edition of the original Cybele.
In the “ Supplement,” which appeared in 1860, the distribution was ex- . ?
cations from other botanists. It seems important to remember this in using the volume. .
The author’s remarkable powers of judicious concentration of his matter are very conspicuous in his treatment of the immense number of facts marshalled in these pages. In the first part of the book, to p. 111 (the second portion will be presently alluded to), the whole space all to each species is but two i
2 bo + 3 2 es 2. : $ 5
t has been ascerta: to grow. n these do not occupy the whole line, the space left is often filled by necessarily brief notes or
26 NOTICES OF BOOKS.
references, which occasionally overflow into the line above, occupied Wh
only by the name. there is suspicion of the species having been oe into any is nce by human agency, the number is enclosed in und brackets, whilst alleged occurrences for which
of segregates is given on a quite ‘similar fo lenny or more segregates being occasionally treated in connection. A ow well- established aliens are also include
It appears to have been originally intended by the author that the work should have consisted of no more than the list above described, and that it should have been immediately followed by a larger work tracing each species through the 112 “counties,” with a citation of authorities for the facts given. As this would have been a boon toall English botanists, and indeed seems wanting to complete the scheme
of the connec , it is a matter for great regret that the in- tention has had to be up, especially when the cause of its abandonment i “7 is pretty easily to be seen, the failing health oe its author. Appare o some extent in the stead of this, a
Part (pp. 112—1 7D has been added to the present book, aimed of ‘a su the writer's own personal experience on the
‘‘sub-provincial habitats which have come under the writer’s o individual observation ; but frequentl bis ee ““ the names
a mischievous use might be made of it after his decease. y, si he gives us to understand that his own work is over, one ronda scarcely feel surprised at Mr. Watson announcing his intention of mounting the funeral pyre and immolating himself along with his barium.
There is nothing mere of general interest in the volume, but an appendix is added of some thirty pages, headed ‘ controversial.” With reference to this the reviewer feels it necessary to say a few words in his own name, which occurs so frequently in it.
As this may very possibly be the last book of Mr. Watson’s I shall be called upon to notice, I am anxious to take the opportunity of publicly denying in the most emphatic manner that I have ever been actuated
LINNEAN SOCIETY. QF
towards the author of the “Cybele” by other feelings than those of
as is tters which h has thought it fit to reprint in the a dix above mentioned, d e has re sified. That this
these pages, I have — treated them as the productions of a botanist of acknowledged standing in his special a or hae and have ities se 8
criticisms I have on one or two occasions felt it necessary to make, has caused me regret, and I protest against the imputation to me, by an felt.
I have no desire to go into the ous explanations” which Mr. Watson has made about a matter which, so far as I am con- cerned, shall not again be publicly alluded to. Ihave nothing to alter and no word to retract in the letter which occupies pp. 196—198 of the above-mentioned appendix. review, from which Mr. Watson has taken the passages—carefully isolated from their context— to which he objects, will be found in vol. viii. (1870), pp. 8394—397, and ought to have been printed entire in Mr. Watson’s appendix. Heyry Tren,
Proceedings of Socicties,
Liyyean Socrery. ov. 7th, re --G. Bentham, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the chair. The Rev. C. W. Penny was elected a Fellow. Two letters from Lady Smith (widow of Sir J. E. Smith, now in her
ear) were and offering to the Society a letters
The president exhibited for Mr. M. Alford a “Hen and “Chicken” isy found apparently wild near Beiligsitehens The following papers
were read: ‘‘ Note on the Buds developed on the leaves of a a,
by G. Di vie M.D. These are — described as formin
to the leaves, but the specimens examined had only a eae on the
margin near the tips, though Gey are rather numerous ee crowded
28 EASTBOURNE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.
on the upper surface, in some cases two being coherent. They con- sisted of a flask-like cellular green sac, with a narrow opening at the apex, and having within it at its base a yellowish-green nucleus-like A close resemblance was to be traced between a buds and the ovules of some of our native agener oo .g- Habenaria viridis. In Irmisch’s ‘‘Beitrage zur Biologie and Morphologie der Orchideen,”’ young axillary buds of aeeousis monophylla are figured, which some- sine evan those of Malaxis, as there isa petra ppplene and a rudi- athing leaf looking like an oyular The case of Ualazis Salieiies the ovule to be homologous with the cer the nucleus- like body corresponding with the axis and the cellular open-mouthed sac to an embracing leaf. ‘‘On a Menispermaceous Plant called by ee Cissampelos Vitis, and peu) in his Flora Fluminensis, vol. ” by J. C. de Mello, translated by John Miers, Esq.; considered to Sohotig et the tribe Zinosporeg, and placed in the genus Burassava. November 21st.—G. Bentham, Esq., F.R.S., President, in the chair. C. C. Grundy, Esq., and E. aaa Esq. -» Were elected Fellows. The , following papers were read:—‘‘Catalogue of the Composite of Bengal,” by C. B. Clarke. ‘‘On pre lie bs a new genus 0 of Hydrocharides,’’ by the same. A stemless annual found growing in still water in Eastern Bengal; it has narrow linear leaves 2—4 feet long and small solitary white flowers ee from the spathe during expansion. H. echinosperma is the only known species. ‘‘ On diversity of Evolution under one set of external raat by the Rev. J. T. Gullick.
Easts Naturat History Socrery. October 18th, 1872. ** Notes on oe Genus Lemna,” F.C. 8. Roper, F.L.S. — Anatomical and Physiological remarks were made on all ,the British — Lemna gibba had been specially studied. The author said :—‘ From the observations I have made on this species, I believe that it is only during its fully mature state, and when about to produce blossom, that it assumes the characteristic gibbous form, an at on the
m: new edition of English Botany, states’that he haa) never seen the flower. . Borrer is reported to have been the first who discovered the fructifi-
the neighbourhood of Lewes. I had in vain oe for the inflores- cence in this tribe of plants for many years, and only observed it for ;
I met with it abundantly, in blossom, in the ditch running by side of the Pevensey road, not far beyond Christ Church. Lee kept the plants to the present time, I have had a good opportunity of observing both the structure of the flowers and pollen, as also the ger- mination of the seeds, and I propose, therefore, to describe it rather more in detail. The ‘inflorescence—flower it can hardly be called— — having neither calyx nor corolla, springs from the under side of the frond, at the notch where the new frond is given off; it is said b previous writers, and copicd in most botanical works, to be enclosed
EASTBOURNE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 29
in ‘a membranous case or spathe, but though occasionally I found small pieces of the cellular tissue partly surrounding the stamens and pistil, I failed in any case to find them attached to it, as the spathe is in the Arum e; and I believe that the inflorescence simply springs from a narrow opening in the cuticle re = fro sy aa bes the elim raised by the protrusion of the taken for the spathe; at all events, I etek ‘found that the pistil and stamens came off by the slightest touch of a needle, perfectly free. The inflorescence is quite unique in its structure, and consists solely of two stamens and a pistil, the extreme breadth of the whole when
stam
remarkably thick in comparison with the size of the flower, being
about one-seventieth of an inch in ars or nearly one-third of
the breadth of the flower; they ie also this peculiarity, that when fully grown and t i
botanists, that they should be considered as separate flowers: in fact that the plant is moneecious, each stamen being a flower, and the pistil another. The true interpretation being, as far as my observation
the species, the plant floating on the water and being thus exposed to every vicissitude of weather, it is so should wind or rain Tse en from one stamen, the ovule
8
may be fertilised by the other when it becomes mature. The anthers, of which there are two to each stamen, are slightly oval or pyriform, and about one-hundredth of an inch in diameter, and open by a tra- verse slit to discharge the pollen, which is muricate or slightly spinous
and about one-thousandth of an inch in diameter. A remarkable fact in so minute a flower is, that the pollen tubes are plainly visible and are so well developed that I have observed them continue intact on
ly t rises between the two stamens; and is formed of loose cellular tissue, cylindrical or mey. urnshaped, pet shorter than the stamens when fully grown contains generally two ovaries at the base, with a thickened style, of about the same diameter as the filaments of
testa, and surrounded by a thin esct-Eeanupisren nt ce siiniar covering, which can be separated from the true seed, and may be designed simp! to afford means of its more readily floating on the surface of the water. At the upper end of the seed is a small circular cap, which is
by the swelling cellular tissue as the seed germinates, and in all the cases I have examined remains attached to the young fronds, even
'30 - BOTANICAL NEWS.
in the Archives de Botanique, vol 1., t. 6, fig. OF., a very Paty? presentation is given of the you frond, showin g the seed vessel, the frond, the sprouting radical, afd the lid of the seed attached, as in the drawing I have made from an actual specimen. The blunt end of the radical is here well shown. The seeds appear to germinate equally well on the surface of the ea or on the damp sides of the vesselin which the specimens contained, and probably a Dee
have not been noticed. I svi bro ught the eh of this plant so fully before the Society, because as far as Iam a are, no details of its anatomy can be found in any English botanical work, and I wish to place on record the facts here stated.”
Botanical News.
ARTICLES In JovRNALs.
1872.)—M. Com, ‘* Monograph of Saprolegnio, pa art i, Sexual Re- production” (Pl. 1—7).—E. de Glinka Janczenski, “ Morphological Researches on Ascobolus Surfuraceus, Pers”? (Pl. 8).—MM. Tulasne, “ New Observations on the Zemellini and their Allies » (PL. 9—12),*— Ph. van Tieghem, ‘ Anatomical Disseevainns on the Cotyledon of td
(Nos. 5 and 6—September, 1872.)—G. de Saporta, ‘‘ Researches in ee Vegetation of the South-east of deg 3 in the Tertia “i Pagitee . (Pl. 15, 16)—Triana and J. E. Planon, “ Pro dromus Flo Sebaatetiong ” (Stmarubee, Zivoohytier: Malatoed: bieduicon, Olacinee.) Novemser, 1872. Grevillea.—M. J. Ber erkeley, “N oat of N. ritish
Science Gossip.—R. Garner, “ A Curiou 3 British Plan ” (figs. 1 175). A supposed hybrid between Vaccinium Uyrtillus (time o flowering, flower, fruit) and V. Vitis Idea (stem and leaves) ; pollen shrunken, few perfect seeds 8.
American Naturalist.—J. Orton, ‘* Plants of ne Valley of Quito.”— R. Ridgway, ‘Notes on the Vegetation of the Lower Wabash Valley.”
—E. D. “The Geological Age of the Coal of Wyoming.” —N. a eons “* Effect of Ex ary Seasons in the Distribution of nim
is memoir was published in English, without the figures, in Journ. Linn, Soc. xiii., 31-42 5 i
See also Journ. Be Ix., p. 123.
= esl ee
BOTANICAL NEWS: 31
Botaniska Notiser.—Y. F. Brotherus, ‘‘ Extracts from Letter to J. E. Zetterstedt”? (On the Botany of the North of Russia).—S. 0. Lindberg, ‘‘ Various Notes on Scandinavian Mosses” (Leskea ? papil- losa, 0.8p. Hedw wigia. he ‘On Orthotrichum.”’—A. Geheeb, ‘ Bryo-
logical notes.”—R. Ruthe, “A New Spécies of Fontinalis ” (F. androgyna). Botanische Zeitung.—¥. Hegelmaier, ‘‘ ra ne Morphology of oe genus Lycopodium”? (tabs. x.—xii.)—G. Winter, ‘‘ Some Remarks
Niessl’s Contributions to the Knowledge of Tena.”
Flora.—3. Miiller, ‘‘ Lichenum species et varietates nove ”’ (con- tints —aA. Geheeb, c Bryologicalremarks.”—G. Winter, ‘‘ Diagnoses and Notes on Rehm’s Ascomycetes.” —H. Wawra, ‘‘ Remarks on the
nds.’
Bull. de la Soe. Roy. de Bot. de Belgique. (tom. xi., no. 1, 7th Nov.)—E. Marchal, ‘ Heliquin Libe rtiane.”—F. Crépin, ‘ Primitic Monographie Rosarum. Fasc. ii. Revision of the Roses in the Herbarium of si sana! ” (see p. 23).
(No. 2., 21st Rov. )—J. Chalon, ‘‘ Notes of a Tourist.”—A. De Vou, *¢ On the Naturalization of some Exotics at the Montagne St. Pierre lez Maastricht.’
New Books.—. Strasburger, ‘Die Coniferen und die Gnetaceen, e Morphologische Studie.” (H. Davis, Jena. 8vo., with a 4to. s
ursions—. des Grossherzogthums Oldenburg.”—F. Crépin and others, ‘* Catalogue de la flore de Belgique.”—J. Grénland, M. Cornu, an . Rivet, ‘‘Des préparations microscopiques tirées du Re
gne Végétal, &e. me Catalogue of Scientific Papers’? (Royal Society), vol. vi., completing the alphabetical list of authors.
Dr. A. Braun ms a n in et Monatsbericht of the Royal Berlin Academy of Sciences for August, 1872, a synoptical revision of the genera Marsilea xis Piluiaria, 51 Back of the former and 5 of the latter being: enumerated,
In the “Verhandlungen ” for 1872 of the Zoologico-Botanical Samad of Vienna, is alist of all the Phanerogamic plants hitherto found in the kingdom of Poland, under the title of Flore Polonicse Prodromus, by J. Rostafinski. The catalo ogue, to which i dasa a short historical account of previous publications, suaias 1325 species,
. 0. No the Stockholm Academ my of Sciences for 1872 the Desmidiacee col- lected by the 8 eh Expeditions in 1868 and 1870 to Spitsbergen and Bear Island. species are enumerated, nine being described as
red. The “‘ Verhandlungen des Bot. Verein fur = tate Branden- burg ” for 1871, just published, contains numerous communications on ocal B of Germany, a paper by Sa latesk on lapinson caaltistaun, Milde, a memoir of the late August Neilreich, and other papers.
32 BOTANICAL NEWS.
d, y
corma, Adocephalum roseum, Peziza Typhe, and Venturia atramentaria. Helotium puberulum, Fekl., and Capnodium salicinum, P., two species not previously found in Britain, are also included.
A ‘Flora of the Isle of Man” is announced to be in preparation, b - J. F. Robinson, of Frodsham, Cheshire. The price of the volume to subscribers is not expected to exceed 2s. 6d. Consider- : . t :
ing the very varied contents promi t rospectus, includin “‘ beautiful engravings of the principal Island scenery (waterfalls, & an actual specimen of anx Fern (Adiantum Capillus-veneris)
M ( mounted as a vignette,” a detailed description of all th indigenous ferns and trees, an introduction of botanical rambles, the folk-lore of i F.R
printing, making skeleton leaves, &c., with “a very interesting coloured botanico-geological map of the island, drawn and coloured by Professor Forbes when quite a youth,” thrown in, the price cannot be considered excessive, A second volume of Boissier’s “ Flora Orientalis ” is announced as nearly ready for publication. e stock of impressions first printed of Hooker and Baker’s Synopsis Filieim is exhausted, and it is intended to issue shortly a
e circumstance, and the additional material which has been obtained during the last half-decade will be mainly given in an appendix. There are near] twenty new species in Cyathea alone, and as man Alsophilas. The additions of the last fiye years will probably mount s :
Hospital. lected and identified no less a number than 600 species of Fungi within n
The remodelled University of Rome has secured, as Professor of Botany, De Notaris, of Geneva. Mr. E. W. Holmes, author of a Catalogue of the Cryptogamia of Devon and Cornwall, has been appointed Curator of the Pharmaceutical iety’s Museum. — A Botanical Society has been formed at Luxembourg, of which Mr. ‘bach is secretary, and has enrolled a good number of members.
d MM. Fischer and Kolz are compilin
ing a catalo ‘ The herbarium of Prof. Hoppe has been acquired by the Gymnasium of Salzburg.
8 Prof. Fee, of Nancy (late of Strasbourg), has presented his herbarium um of Rio Janeiro.
e herbarium of Prof, Meisner, of Bale, has been purchased for Columbia College, New York.
He had col-
moete:
: , : ;
Original Articles. JUNCUS PYGM AUS, Rich., AS A BRITISH PLANT. By Henry Tren, M.B., F.L.S. : (Tas, 128.) HAVE great satisfaction in being able to fulfil my promise f
of giving a description of one of the most interesting additions to our flora in recent years. The discovery of this pretty little Rush by Mr. W.H. Beeby was recorded in this Journal (vol. x. (1872), p. 337), where I also briefly indicated the grounds upon which I considered it
mai plant, has also fully confirmed the opinion of continental authors, who consider it quite distinct from the allied species.
pyemaxus, Richard.—Annual, cespitose, 1 to 2 ins. high. Root
id, linear, sheathing at the base, channelled, with faint distant articula. tions, acute; stem-leaf single, with an auricled sheath ; flowers nearly
ile, wi b of e
n is io) ® 3 Z = n ° $ Q 2 > ico)
*
34 JUNCUS PYGM#US AS A BRITISH PLANT
3 to 6, just as in the plants from pochcuis ll. This variability in
pa which te received the name of J. insulanus from Roemer aire
capsule ; whilst it is distinguished from all states of the variable J. insulanus by its much smaller capsule, which is even when quite ripe very nearly or entirely hidden by the perianth, and by its ribbed seeds. These, as shown b Buchenau in his useful paper (Journ. Bot. vi., p. 142), aii i sano characters in this genus; in su- lanus they: are coloured, barrel-shaped, and very minutely reticulate, sath of ‘ein pear-shaped, strongly costate, and brown as in J. pygmeus. But even in the absence of fruit and seed there is no difficulty in recognising iis two species, J. pygmaeus and J. bufonius (in all its forms) by the perianth-leaves alone, which in the latter are
always more or less (often exceedingly) unequal, and are provided with —
a single broad strong green midrib produced at the apex into a stout apiculus; whilst J. ygmeus, as above described has delicate papery equal segments with three slender veins; moreover the seg- ments of J. bufonius are spreading and widely separated at the points, whilst those of J/. pygmeus are parallel and approximated or conmi- vent at their ends even in ripe fruit.
ery edition of Professor Babington’s Manual this species has been entered between brackets, with the remark that it “ will perhaps be found in sandy places near the sea”; after nearly thirty
ed.
12 or 15 feet square,” where the plants were grow retty — thickly. It was not noticed elsewhere, but no doubt oruheg in similar : eby’s
places near. It should be looked for early in ary aan Mr. Bee specimens were collected in J une, and are in J. pygmaeus
éus has an extensive range in Karope including the Mediterranean region at intervals from Greece to Spain, and the whole western coast ; extending also in a north- sie rcition as far
as ay and (formerly) “the south of Sweden. Damp sandy
ON ROSA APENNINA. 35
The synonymy of the species is as follow
—o pygmaeus, Rich. in Thuill. Fl. Dar vn il., p.178 (1799). J. nanus, Dubois, Orleans, p. 290 (1803).
J. hybrid Brot. Fl. Lusit. i. » p. 413, pro maxima parte (1804) ;
non auct. plu
d. mah gems Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ix., p. VW; non Gouan.* J. bupleuroides, Pourr. Herb + fide Lange.
J. fasciculatus, Huet de Pav. in sched. FL. Sic. : ; non Schousb.
J. bicephalus, Bertol., fide Caruel ; non Viv. ? : he Juneus mutabilis of La Marck’s Dict. Encycl. lil, p. 270,
fo
not do for our plant, and prevents one a the name, though
tore (Fl. Ital. ii., p. 356) from Corsica eat Sicily ought also prob- ably to be ai d to the synonyms, but I have i rier specimens. J. aie of Viviani (FI. Cors. diagn., p. 5) is said to be different, but must from the description be closely allie d. Figtres will be found in Flora Danica xi., t. 1871, and Reichen- bach, l.c. ix., t. 391, f. 864; but neither are ‘satisfactory 3 in details. Specimens have been published in Billot’s Exsiccata, n. Shes; Schultz Herb. norm., n. 734, 1152; Fries Herb. norm yotsid Van Heurck Exs., n. 341; Reiche nb. Fl. Germ., n. 1127; Pei n. 457 ; and other collections.
PTION OF TAB 1, Juncus 4 grag’ Rich., from specimens collected in Cornwall, June, 1872, ty W. H. Beeby. 2, A flower with three d 3, one with mens, with the rianth- Sie spread o
4, Flower when fruit is oe 5, Outer, aes 6, inner perianth-leaf, me x ; 7, Capsule x 8. 8, Seeds x
ON ROSA APENNINA, Woods. By J. G. Baxer, F.L.S.
Nn his “ Tourist’s Flora,” at page 123, Woods characterises in two lines plier a half a new rose of the Rubiginosa group, from the Apen- ae which he names Rosa apennina. The ee nt was a so
The through the kindness of Mr. To enadide who has been so as to send me the type specimens of Woods for raghaig examination and comparison at hom me, | ae have now done, so as to be able to draw up a eter descriptio
Woods, Tourist’s Flora, page 123.—Bush small, compact, with the habit of spinosissima. Prickles numerous, rather un equal, but not dwindling down into aciculi as in the spinosissima group ; the largest ‘decidedly faleate, a quarter of an inch long, with a hook deflexed beyond opposite where the dilated base reaches, the weaker
* Gouan’s plant (Herb. Montp. p. 25, 1796) ‘ee: capitatus, Weig. db 2
36 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF NORTH CORNWALL.
ones nearly straight. Branches quite ‘glandless, like the petioles and stipules suffused with vinous red. Stipules under a line broad, with deltoid free tips, kee, or the faces Haniaaly gland-ciliated, Leaves not more than half an inch long 5 oe te densely glandular, not at all hairy, either with or without 1—2 minute prickles; leaflets not more than five, the end one aaa qua cus "of an inch long at the uttermost, rounded at both ends; wai moderately open and deep,
ompound ; upper r face quite naked, or with a few very
lanceolate, naked on the faces, densely glandular on the pees Calyx-tube ovoid or globose-urceolate, not more than an eighth of inch long, at the flowering stage quite naked. Sepals 3—% of an wash long, naked on the back; the minor ones i the major ones cuspidate, not dilated at the tip, furnished with 1—2 minute linear gland-ciliated — the blade itself not gland-ciliated. Expanded flower three-quarters of an inch across. Disk broad. Styles free, protruded, glabrous. Fruit e pepe venga
Birigazza, Apennines, July, 1826.—/. Woods.
io not remember to have seen any named rose among conti- nental ieeceene that matches it exactly. In a broad sense it is one of the innumerable varieties of R. sepiwm, the common briar of exposed places throughout the SI a region, next to which Woods — it. Ofnamed forms with which I am acquainted, it comes nearest to &. agrestis, Savi (Déséglise Essai, p. 104), of which speeane will be found in Billot, Exsice. 2263, and Déséglise, Exsice. by its compact habit of growth. carried out into eac
detail, as i instance, the extremely short peduncles and leaflets rounded instead of gradually narrowed at each end.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF NORTH CORNWALL. By roe Rev. W. M. Him, LL.D.
Tue following list of plants, nek during the past summer in North wee tan: is submitte d fo e information of the reade ers of the y
county which lies north of a line drawn from the Tamar at Bridge- rule to Tintagel Head on the coast. When no locality is given, the plant is frequent or common
Clematis Vitalba, L. iiaaee Papaver somniferum, L. Ranunculu
us hederaceus, L. Corydalis lutea, DC. - Flammula, L. Fumaria capreolata, L. Bude. Bi acris, L. » _ Officinalis, L. Rude e, repens, L, Cheiranthus Cheiri, L. Caltha palustris, L. Nasturtium officinale, = Br. Delphinium Consolits, L. l Barbarea vulgaris, R. Papaver Rheas, Cardamine sylvatica, pak.
i ce ae
! CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF NORTH CORNWALL. 37
Cardamine pratensis, L. Bude. Sisymbrium officinale, ea Alliaria officin : Brassica Samptetrtl L. Bude. » Napus, L. N orcot Mouth. Sinapis nigra, L. 8, L.
arvensis Diplotaxis muralis, DC. Bude. Cochlearia officinalis, L ‘
racia rusticana, R Lepiditios campestre, R. ‘Br. ’Poug- hill.
Lepidium sativum, L.
Capsella Bur eg pestis: DC.
Senebiera Coronopus, Poiret. lyma, Pers. Stratton.
Cakile maritima, Scop. Bude. Reseda Luteola, L. Marham-
urch, Viola odorata, L.- Poughill. » 8ylvatica, Fries. ee i . Sandhills, a color, 8. arvensis, Murr Poly eatin vulgaris, L. Bude, &e. Saponaria officinalis, L. Intro- duced, Bude. Silene inflata, Sm. mar a, Wi th. Lychnis Flos sadn L.
gramin Ceriitiom: _glomeratum, tae Asht
s “tnivi e, Link. Sildprhasl al di Poughill
“a trandrum, Curt Co Bude.
sylv ee Lavatera arborea, L. Tintagel. Tilia grandiflora, Ehrh. Planted. amalscegen Andreu L.
Hypericum quadrangulum, L. as perforatum ne dubium, Leers. Kilk- hampton. Hypericum pulchrum, L. Ashton, c. ; Hypericum Elodes, L. Week St. ary. Acer campestre, L. Marham- Church. ‘s gray -platanus, L. Strat-
ton, Geranium iciietisins L. 1 * Molle, 1. Robertia anum, L. Erodium cicutarium, Sm. a maritimum, Sm.
—
castle. Linum angustifolium, Huds.
» ¢catharticum, L. Oxalis Acetosella, L. Lansells. Euonymus europeus, L. Mar-
ham-Church.
s, Forst > Genista shatihds L. Week St. Mary. Ononis arvensis, L. Medicago lupulina, L. ar Ma L. Poughill and Bud Melilotus officinalis, Willd. Strat- is arvensis, Willd. Kilk- hampto Trifolium ome: L. medium, L. att cat L. Tintagel
Lotus obpainalatos, L. », major, Scop. Anthyllis Vulneraria, L. var. Dillenii. Downs,
7
Bude. Vicia hirsuta, Koch.
«
38,
Vicia
tetrasperma, Moench. 1g. » Cracea, L. NA sepium, L », sativa, L. aiomane pratensis, L. — mac .r Kaglad Wimm.
“Ashto
Prunus com cheat Huds.
», domestica, L. Binhamy. Ce erannty ;:
Spireea Ulm
Agrimonia Ruy Nees Pe
gastric arvensis Sh Marham-
Potentilln anse rina, L.
” Frags Fragaria vesca, L. Poughill. Rubus, from 12 to 20 of fruti-
cosus tg Geum urbanum Rosa spinosissima, L
»» canina . pe Sm. ? Poughill. arvensis, Huds. Coiteieos Oxyacantha, L. Pyrus oughi Aucuparia, Ge Poughill. Lythram Salicaria, L. Peplis Portula, L. Kilkhampton. —— anglica, Webb. Bude,
Epilobium angustifolium, L.
” hirsutum, L. “ Lag vss Schreb. Se onta num, E20 oug-
o palustre, L. Moorwin- stow si virgatum, Fries. Ashton oe tetragonum, L. Kailk- hampton. Circea lutetiana, L. Kilkhamp- mn, &e. peda the x ia Le Bude Canal,
Prekecsnts marinum,
Coast, Bude.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF
Wahilb. |
NORTH CORNWALL.
Spergula arvensis, L.
Sedum Telephium, L. Boscastle.
uds. L. Marham-
u Sempervivum tectorum, L. Cotyledon Umbitious, Ee Poug-
hill, Boscastle. Ribes Graal stray seeds. ydrocotyle vulgaris, L Sanicula europea, L. oe
Les From
‘Lansell 8,
E m maritimum, L. Bude. piu um. AR Be olens, L. Bude, &c. Petroselinum sativum, Hoffm Bude, : segetum, Koch. Poughill. Helosciadium a Koch. repens, Koch. Bude. Sison Am m, L. Carum achialhitie Koch: Week St. Ma
ary. - Pimpinella Saxifra
as (Enauthe Lachenai, Gmel; Bude. a, L.
Zthusa Ties L.
Crithmum muritimum, L. Plenti- ful on rocky coa ast.
Angelica sylvestris, L.
rhaagers yee sativa, L. Near Norcot
Heracleum Sphondylinm, L. Daucus Carota, L. a gummiter Lin. Frequent ast.
Torilis Athrises Geertn. Geertn.
Scandix Pesten aoc L.
Anthriscus sylvestris, Hoffm.
Cheerophyllu um temulum, L.
Conium maculatum, L. ” Bude. ae
Hedera Helix L. Kilk-
ma 2 Perielymenum, L. herardis arven, s, L
oe L. Marham-
ro
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF NORTH CORNWALL. 389
Galium sie e ; » saxatile, L. Bude. ‘5 palustre L. Bude.
8. Witheringii, Sm. "Bude canal. Rubia peregrina, L. Poughill. Centranthus eile DC. Strat- on and Boscastle ? Vili officinalis, L. Bude, &c. Valerianella dentata, Deitr
Bude, &e. Dipsacus sylvestris, L. Moor-
ia arvensis, Coult. L
a, L, ides, L. Picked up _ at Tintagel, recently gathered. Pulicaria dysenterica, : eertn. Bidens 1 asinine, L.
Anthemis Cotula, L. Bude. oe nobilis, L. Wainhouse
orner. Achillea Ptarmica, L.
» Millefolium, L. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, Chrysanthemum segetum, L. Bos-
Matricaria Parthenium, L. — i
a, L. Bude. Artemisia Atwinthitn L. Bude an Artemisia i . Tanac etum vulgare, L. Moor- winstow and Trevenna. Filago LRN, L. Poughill,
Selatan ay renew, L. Senecio vulga ” alvatins i Bude, &c. 19 eruci us,
Jac ” aquatien Huds. Strat-
on,
Carlina valgaris, L. Bude.
sie majus, Schkuhr. Poug- 1, &e.
Arctium minus, Schkuhr. Kilk- ae on.
es rmedium, Lange. i. &e.
pubens, Bab. Bude, &c. deroiala tinctoria, L. Centaurea nigra, L.
“ nigrescens, Willd. Scabiosa, L. Carduus as i ae ani Curt. Near Ea stat L. »» arvensis, Curt.
» palustris, L. », pratensis, Huds. Week ary. acaulis, L. Bude. Lapsana communis, L. Cichorium Intybus, L.
Hypocheris ree te Thrincia hirta, D ‘Apargia hispida, “ina. Poug- ill rp autumnalis, §§ Willd Kilkhampton.
ha ampton. Helminthia echioides, Gaertn. Leontodon Taraxacum, L. Sonchus oleraceus, L.
9 asper, offm. arvensis, L. Crepis vir ens, L. Hieracium Pilosella, L. , ‘s corymbosum, Fr. ?
Kilkhampton. 3 boreale, Fr.? Kilk:
Jasione montana, L.
Calluna vulgaris, Salisb.
Erica Tetralix, L. Week St. Mary.
Erica cinerea, L. Kilkhampton, c.
Vaccinium Myrtillus, L. Week St. M
t. Mary. Ilex Aquifolium, me
Ligustrum vulgare, L. Fraxinus excelsior, L: Chlora perfoliata
Erythrea pule hells, Fr. Bude.
40
Erythrea | ae Pers. Gentiana campestris, L. Bos-
castle. Menyanthes trifoliata, L. Moor-
ow. Convolvulus — L. Bude. 9 sepium, L. S dhaaagel, L. Bude. Cuseuta tS wr Murr. Bude,
Lycopsis sevens, L. Bude, &c. Echium vulgare, L. oma &e. rerruecariions officinale, L. Myosotis exepitoe, Schultz. arven: nsis, Hoffm.
Solanum nigrum, L. Bude.
lea camara, L. Hyoscyamus niger, L. Bude, &c. Verbasum Tha apsus, L. Bude, &e.
latt: eat L. Tintagel. Digitalis purpur ; Antirrhinum apes L. Stratton,
&e.
Orontium, L. Bude.
Lineria : Cymbalta, Mill. Strat-
* " Blatine, Mill. . garis, Mill. Scrophularia or sO a, °L. Maar neylvatioum, E, Kilk- ampto cue cer : palustris L. Kilk-
Rhinanthos Gristagalli, L Euphrasia officinalis, &
” os i. “Lansells,
9 "eine. : » “arvensis, L.
» ee oa Mentha rant L. Tintagel. ” perita, L. Bude Canal.
” ”
sylvestris, Sol. Bude. :
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF NORTH CORNWALL.
Mentha aquatica, L. ;
», ~ Sativa, L., «. vulgaris. ‘ Poughill. », arvensis, L., «. vulgaris. is = 8, agrestis, Sm. e. ee europzeus, L, Salvia Verbenaca, L. Bude and
Seutellaria galericulata, L. Bude and Marham-Church. — minor, L. Week 95
Pronelld ‘vulgaris
aca, L. Bude. Galeopsis Tetrahit, L. Poughill. Stachys teres ‘Ben » 8sylvatiea, L. Poughill,
Stachys eae L. Bude Ls Poughill,
we.
_ Ballota foetida, Lam. Bude.
Teucrium Scorodon nia, L.
Ajuga reptans, L. Bude.
Verbena officinalis, iss Bude, &e.
Primula yulgaris, Hu
Lysimachia nemorum, Bs Lan- sells.
Anagallis arvensis, L,
+ tenella, L Bude, &c. Glaux maritima, L. Bude, &e. Samolus Valerandi, L. Bud de, &c. Statice Dodartii, Gir. Tintagel
and Bu me
a, Willd. Plantago Gokatins, se m
MT Bude. pond aenes pate A Sm. » erecta, Huds. Bude, &e. | deltoidea, Bab. Mar- ham-Church,
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF NORTH CORNWALL. 41
Atriplex Babingtonii, Bude.
Rumex sanguineus, L. ee 2 a ie ig 22 ri ee 8, . 3?
Polygonum lapathifolium, Stratton. ‘5 Persicaria, L. i mite, Schrad. a Hydropiper, L. a aviculare, L. ” li, ab. Bude
Convolvulus, L. Fagopyrum oaotileastsis ’ Moench. Stratton. Euphorbia Helioscopia, L. ¥ Paralia: Bude. ‘a a 1 L
xigua, L. Mere ailie perennis, L, Callitriche verna, ” platycarpa, Kiitz.
Poughill. Mtusacep officinalis, Sm. Bos-
ition 1 wren L. Bude. dioica, L. Humulus Tdbulds L. Poug-
Ulmus suberosa, Ehrh. Salix ae regis L. Bude. », alba, L. Bude.
»» 9) 1%. Vitellina, Sm. Poug-
4 Smithiana, Willd.
” acuminata, Sm. Poughill.
»» einer
ie ‘aquatica, Sm.
¥. oleifolia, Sm. Kilkhampton
», laurina, 8. aout? 1s Week St.
» fusca, L (Sm ) var. 8, Week St. = y- prostrata, Sm. Near Red Post. Populus alba, L. Trevalga » tremula, L. Bude » nigra, L. Stratton, &
Woods.
ie a, L. Ae Aves sella, L. . Poughill. thifo L..
Betula glutinosa, Fr. Stratton, &c. Alnus glutinosa, Gaertn. Strat- , ae.
ton dapat eylvatica, L. Poughill.. ea vulgaris, Lam
ta, L. Moorwin-
stow
Iris Paond-ecorh Ca on
wicks 6 majalis, L. Bos- astle.
Auiium wi tagpaes deer. L. Tin-
Nisha ossifragum, Huds. Week St. M Juncus maritimus, Sm. Bude.
ee e conglomeratus, ha
bufoni
Luzula ee "alla. Poughill.
multiflora, Lej. Poughill. Alisma Plantago Triglochin alan re, L. Bude. Typha latifolia, he Bude Canal. peep anium ta Huds.
Arum ered m, L.
Lemna minor, Potahhocetsni natans, L. Canal. = ongus, Viv. Kilk-
hamp on 9 crispus, L. usillus, * Zostera marina, L. Bud Cladium Mariscus, R. Br. " Moor- tow. Eleocharis palustris, R. Br. Bude
Scirpus maritimus, L. Canal.
Pome 2 a L. Bude, &e.
s, L. Bude, &c. Savi .s & M. Bude, &c.
DG angustifolium, Roth.
”
rwins Carex arenaria, L. Bude. », Vulpina, L. a peerage ls Poughill. remota,
42 Carex stelinlatey Good. Moor- winst
s5 GS ulgeris Fr. Week. 8t. Ma
ss panicea, L
»y glauca, §
», Oéderi, Ehrh . Moorwins
se suee, 6, Ho mechan
oppe. rwin Ns sylvatica, oe Satie &e. alaris s canarien| . Bude, &c. nacea, i Bude, &e. Hocadan odoratum m, L eum SFoDRr Us L. Bude e, L. ”
Gastridium lehiaran Marham-Church. Agrostis canina, J.. Boscastle.
vulgaris, With.
Gaud.
”
i at Olgas Psamma arenaria, R.andS. Bude. Phragmites communis, Trin. Aira ceespitosa,
* caryophyllea, : ” Avena fatua, t. Poughill. Arrhenatherum eats, Beau. avenaceum, bulbosum, Lindl. Stratton. Holeus vata L
s, L. Triodia quate phe Bea Molinia cerulea, Mica " Week St. : Poa annua, L. »» pratensis, Glyceria fluitans, R. Br.
» plicata, Fr. Bude. Sclerochloa rigida, Link. Mar- ham-Church.
" loliacea, Woods. Bude, c.
Briza m Cynosuras cristatu us, L. Dactylis glomerata, L.
Vestas. es BE L. Bude.
Z rubra, L, »» sylvatica, Vill.? Lan- sells
» gigantea, Vill. Marham- hurch. ‘
4
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF NORTH CORNWALL.
Bromus asper, L
7. ROer, Be : Serrafalcus commutatus, Bab. 0) id a velutinus.
Bude, Tintagel. Brachypodium sylvaticum, R.
nicer repens, L. ‘s . 8. littorale, Bab. de. Triticum j junceum, L. Bude. Lolium perenn »» _ italic icum, A. Braun. Bude, ke. ” temulentum, L., 8, ar- vense, With. Kilkhampton. Nardus stricta, L. Week St.
ary. Equisetum arvense
iy re elmateia, Ehrh. Poughill. is limosum, L. Bude. 5 palustre, L
» ¥. nudum, DC.
Bude. Polypodium vulgare, L. astrea Filix-muas, Presl. ; Borre Poughill. os spinulose, Pres]. Kilk- hampt “3 Mates Poughill. », dilatata, Presl. Feenisecii, Wats. Polystichuum Ein Bi New Athyrium Filix-foemina, Roth. eolscicn laneeolatum, Huds. B
Aaiantam ca Sua i. arinum, Tin- “tagel, Bude. Ruta-muraria, L. Mar- "ham ure Scolopendrium vulgare S Blechnum boreale e, Sw eee Pteris aqnilne
ones ala L. Side of
amar. ge Capillus-Veneris, L.
Chara vulgaris, L. , Poughill. » fragilis, Désy. Bude.
ON THE BLUE REACTION GIVIN BY IOLINE IN CERTAIN FUNGI. 43
which occur through cultivation however, occur in localities so open to suspicion, that their appearance is more probably owing to intentional planting than to accident, e.g, Corydalis lutea, Saponaria officinalis, Convallaria majalis, and in the Boscastle station, Centranthus ruber. Petroselinum sativum occurs in several neighbourhoods ; not as usual on old walls, but on hedge-banks.
any plants of common occurrence elsewhere have not been observed ; of these not a few will reward the search of future investigators. To
It is not necessary to particularise the plants in the above list or as agricultural weeds. few,
any one able to visit the neighbourhood in sp y summer an opportunity will be afforded of enlarging the above list. _d//iu Schenoprasum has b inserted the authority of Babington’s
e 0 Babi Manual. It is as well to correct two mistakes in one of the local guide books, which gives Zrifolium stellatum for T. arvense at Tintagel, and Asplenium Trichomanes for A. Adiantum nigrum in the porch of Moorwinstow Church. A very few species have been set down in doubt, which are of course open to correction.
ON THE BLUE RE-ACTION GIVEN BY IODINE IN CERTAIN FUNGI.
By Wituuam PuHitures.
E great advantages derived from chemical tests in the classifica- tion and study of Lichens, first noticed by Dr. Nylander, of Paris, and subsequently adopted by the Rev. W. A. Leighton in his “ Lichen
lora of Great Britain,” has led to the idea that a similar use of chemical tests may be made in the study of Fungi; but up to the pre- sent time nothing, as far as I am aware, has been recorded in the way of a systematic application of any test, nor does there exist much evidence from actual experiment to show that help can be looked for
fe pe ' the same effect is produced in the matter contained in the summits of the asci and upon the mucous envelope of the sporidia of several species } N
of : 10, 1865) that certain species of Pestze are affected by iodine in a similar manner, viz., P. Polytrichit, Schum., P. cochleata, Huds.,
44 ON THE BLUE REACTION GIVEN BY IODINE IN CERTAIN FUNGI.
P. violacea, .Pers., in which the ‘ gelatina hymenia”? becomes ‘bine, and P. firma, Pers., P. plumbea, Fr., P. cpaeheettg Nyl., P. undella, Fr. ered, Sow., and P. repanda, ‘Wahle nb., in which the thece alone, especially tie apices, turn blue. It pion therefore, that there is hope useful results in the determination of certain species of fun fas a more continuous and systematic application of this test ; ‘ig ae we be disappointed in this expectation enough of interest attaches to the subject to warrant further investigation.
Impressed with these ideas I have taken occasion during the past year to apply iodine to the hymenium of all the Pes’ze which have passed through my hands in a fresh ainie, for when dry no reaction is obtained, and I give the result below
The common tincture of iodine as Bias at the shops, diluted to one-half with spirits of wine, appears to be pte most aap strength.
enium and subjected to light pressure ante am er of 300 to 4 ] at how if there be any reactio The shade of blue obtained varies very much, from a light cerulean to
mucous matter enveloping the asci and paraphyses is alone affected.
I have taken no notice of a vinous kai = nt which is occasionally observed, because it appears to me to e fr ater or less
readiness of the parts to imbibe the quid, aa hence to become of © different degrees of density.
Peziza badia, P. Summits of asci pale blue. P. succosa, Berk. Summit of asci blue. Pe beast Fr. No reaction. anda, Wahl. Apices of asci and “ gelatina hymenia ” blue. P. Bedi ycarpa, Curr. Sh fs € spring hymenia”’ faint blue. P. cupularis, L. No reacti Yo puiitike, Fr. Tips of ‘pesphyses deep purple blue. P. melaioma, A. and 8. No re
* gh 2 it Sch B. and Br. Tips of paraphyses deep purple blue. z vitellina, Pers. Tips of paraphyses deep purple black. . scutellata, L. Tips of paraphyses dee le black. P. livida, Sch. No reaction. Pie P. ciliaris, Schrad. No reaction.
P, apala, B and Br. No reaction. SPN OU eenrecreccemsmusmmer case: reek # * As I intend to continue this in I obtain fresh, I shall feel as ibs oops rei any si 9 of this Journal who will do me
the favour of forwarding to m ry address b orn list. Address—Canonbury, Klopaiand, uk Boewstary as species not named in my
NOTE ON ERANTHEMUM ELATUM. 45
/ P. firma, Pers. No reaction. (Dr. Nylander obtained a reaction in this species. ) + ialaercanlatin Bull. No reaction. P. coronata, ; o reaction
ion. P. resine, Fr. Asci alae cobalt blue.
NOTE ON ERANTHEMUM ELATUM. By S. Kunz.
es a letter to the late lamented Dr. Seemann (cf. Journ. Bot. ty a. ) I have remarked on dimorphism in Zranthemum elatum,
cinnabarinum im a of cultivated Acanthacee, published by Dr. Anderson in the J neta! of the Agri-horticultural Society of Reali for the use of horticulturists. This omission was pointed out by Mr. John Scott in this Journal (1872, p. 161). Mr. Scott e exprossve his
162.) In my letter I stated that ‘‘ I saw only fruits,” and a few lines further on, ‘‘ Again I saw nothing but fruits.” Hekeren th in spite of these remarks, Mr. Scott thought it desirable to introduce a supposi- tion to which I shall refer in the sequel.
Thus so far from my remarks on the generic question—in arenes of flowers then—standing in any connection with dimorphism, it w
nderson’s arguments, I put it in the genus Anes without, ; however, describing a: It so happens that what deterred Dr.
because I hecie: indicated its oo near affinity with £. crenulatum.
However, some good often accrues from a Stieinaeetion and Mr.
Scott—although unknowingly—has given me the key to physiological re e
:
“
46 NOTE ON FERANTHEMUM ELATUM.
fertilised ; such can hardly be the casein E. elatum. It reads strange, indeed, that the large flowers and their buds, but not the long styles of £. elatum should regularly have escaped my notice, le I never
his views agree with those of a systematic botanist. He says: ‘‘ He (Dr. Anderson) might well have discarded it from Evanthemum, and taken it even a er sentative ce
or one-seeded ; bracts small or minute ; dimorphism.
Genus X.: Shape of corolla; supposed non-dimorphism; rest as in
Evranthemum Asystasia: Sha E NS
ow from such an exposition it is evident, or to speak in Mr. Scott’s own style, most decidedly evident, that the genus X. in its intri : q
tion of Indian Acanthacee, comprises three very different elements, viz. (1) Ecbolium, (2) Eranthemum proper, (3) Rhinacanthus / Eran- TEE te ttn a oe ergs
* E, elatum and E. latifolium are shade-loving hygroclimatics, hence they retreat in excessiveclitnes, as Burma, &., , to the evergreen tropical forests, where they enjoy during the dry season a tolerably equable dampness, only the temperature varying considerably.
t By some mistake the *‘capsules” instead of cells are said in my paper (Journ, As. Soc. beng., vol, 40, p. 75.) to be one-seeded.
SHORT NOTES AND QUERIES. 47 themum paniculaltum, T. And., identical with Rhinacanthus calearatus, E.
I now append the description nc tec yop ELATUM, Kurz, in Journ. Bot. 1872, p. 46.—Herba , 2—3 dal is glaberrima v. caulibus apice parce tomentellis ; ‘folia Tehaes elliptico-adlato- -lanceo- lata, basi in petiolum 1—2 pollicarem decurrentia, breve acuminata,
ne spa.
lati, Lio ek A secundo-racemosi, in paniculam terminalem am —1} pedalem laxam glabram dispositi; calicis a lobi linghinos
2 in. fone’ corolle florum sterilium conspicue; majores cyanex tubo 1—1 oll. nea lobis 4 poll. circiter ’ longis; minores dimidio breviores cateru rioribus conformes; corolle florum
fertilium trimorphe ; alive aint clause alabastriformes cum tubo si inflato; alie paullo majores aperte uti in hocce di .C. descripte ; alive 3 lin. long v. aie ullo ita a bes limbo tubi non efflati longitadine ; capsula et semina £. lat Hab.: es omah, on siliceous sariuale tet especially in evergreen tropical and in damp deciduous forests (upper mixed forests) shane torrents. FJ. during dry season.
/
SHORT NOTES AND QUERIES.
which, as havin males to C. punctata, would mention are C. distans and C. ex nmr: of which grow abundantly along the muddy shores of our eae On first noticing C. punctata we both agreed a once that. it resembled, but was + dintint aa) C. distans.
a
The other Forte Oaiioe s, U. distans’and C. extensa, on the other hand, often grow where the tide at times reaches and even overflows them. It is true that C’. punctata is found at no great distance from C. di stans, to which it is most nearly allied ; but whether or not it grows in close
* See a paper by Mr. P. Gin in the ‘ Phyto'ozist ” for 1848, p. 348.—[Ed. Journ, Bot]
48 SHORT NOTES AND QUERIES.
proximity to it I have not yet had time to observe. I may further add that after having discovered it once, we found it again in two or three places along the coast, some miles distant from the place of first discovery. The perigynia in their fresh state were beautifully dotted all over, thus supplying to the plant its specific name, punctata.— James FRAsEr.
Mr. Fras specimens are clearly identical with Irish C. punctata collected by Mr. A. G. More, and wi
esea, 3 Mr. Westcombe’s plant from the first county, of whicha few perigynia are in Boott’s herbarium, is the right thing, and that there is a
th it. um station, near Whitehaven, was afterwards (Phytologist iv., p. 679) denied ; but it would be worth re-investigation, being just opposite iti events now k
Bentham in his “ ook.” An exhaustive illustration is given in Dr. B ott’s great w on Carex, vol. iv., t. 500; plant is also figured in Syme’s “ English Botany,” Vol. ix. t,, 1671,-—Hewny
_ Epmosrum roswarmirorium, Huenke.—It seems desirable again to direct attention to this plant, which was first announced as a native of Scotland in the “ Prospectus of the (unpublished) Flora Perthensis ” of the late Mr. John Robertson. Of this prospectus there were two issues—one in 1852, and the other in 1854. The fullest notice of this plant is contained in the former. After giving the specific character Mr. Robertson says :—‘* This very distinct species, hitherto only known
?
It has also been observed in one or two situations by the Ta ) - 1 ; , where doubtless, it has been carried, like Erigeron alpinus, Saxifrags aizoides, and some of the alpine Veronica, to a lower level, by the impetuosity n My i
SHORT NOTES AND QUERIES. 49
probability no person has hunted for it by the Tarf of late years, but surely it is desirable to do so; and may we not look for this work from some Edinburgh botanist ?—C. C. Basrneron.
name this for Cicendia filiformis—damp and waste ground near the anns Bay.—T. Arun.
time I think that it will succeed best on well-drained slopes on which there is a good coating of vegetable soil and dense natural shade.
Bups or Maraxts.—Professor Dickie, in his note on the buds'« developed on the leaves of Malaxis read at the Linnean Society and noticed in your last number, states ‘that a close resemblance is to be traced between these buds and the ovules of some of our native
body corresponding with the axis and the cellular open-mouthed sac fat g
ceeds the epidermis is pushed up, forming the external cells, while the original cell from under the epidermis forms the central row of cells of E
50 SHORT NOTES AND QUERIES.
the young ovule. If the buds ure ovules are homologous structures they must have the same mode of origin, and will develope either rae
cy w 2
derived from two sources—one from a oi da sent a Sir William Hooker more than forty years ago, and which he had procured from Mr. M‘Koy of Liege; the other from plants sent from Rio Janeiro by Dr, Gunning.
There is an apparent difference in the characters of the plants from
the stamens are long coe the sai is short ; while j in others the style
is long, projecting much ond the corolla, while the stamens are
short. It would appear that pane e fertilisation may be effected
by applying the pollen from the long stamens to the stigma of the long
styles. The partial fruiting which took place in the heads of flowers
in the Hookerian plants may have depended on the ma that there 8
althou. en pollen was applied from one flower to sheer fertilisa- ' stion was efiested still it was by no means fully successful, on e flowers in the head producing fruit e flowers are
aoeck at tal with a delicate odour—J. H. Batyour, in Proc. Roy. . Edinburgh. :
“‘Tyzoses”” (vol, x., p. 377).—The origin of the word Ziyloses is not far to seek. It should, cpa be written 7) hae mean any swelling or rgement, and riawas ‘a making or be-
ming swollen or protruded.” ae enlarged and protruded ea em to by Professor Dyer and Dr. McNab cannot with any p priety be called Zyloses, aug epic) is a very good word to ex- press their abnormal conditi With regard to the
origin “ thyllen.” It. may have been manufactured from rian, but the resemblance is somewhat remote. ‘‘ Tiille” é
URR e following is an extract from a nate which I pomver to-day from one of my pupils, which may explain the te
“ ANATOMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE COTYLEDON OF GRAMINEH. 51
“Tyros is the Greck for a ‘knot’; the verb from it (rvasw) ==‘to make callous,’ then=—to ‘ grow "ha rd’ or ‘ callous,’ and also to get ‘knotted’ or ‘knobbed.” Your word Zyloses is pure Greek, riawais, used by Galen for ‘ a becoming callous.’ As to the derivation, e e thing is from rian, .which means, first, a lump, and is connected with the Sanskrit tu, tdume (to grow, increase), and Latin tuber, tumeo, tumulus. By some freaks of Grimm’s law this word gets mixed up with another Greek set of words, woa(ajsoua:, to get hardened (a similar meaning), and then with ,«Jan, which means (1) a hard thing, (2) a millstone, (3) a mill (Latin ‘mola ; English, mill). The ‘ tye’ form of the root does not existin Latin The mean- ing appears to be either the filling up and hardening of the vessel by the cells, or the cells coming through the vessel ‘like iron knots on a club’ (which is a Greek use of the word riaos).” Ete my attention a
yer November, I have seen it in the stems of many plants, especially in those Malthe an open structure, such as the Bignoniacee, &c.—JoHN SapLer
Extracts and Wbhstrarts.
ANATOMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE COTYLEDON OF GRAMINEA, By Pa. van TreeHem.
Tue author in paooulagey 2 to trace the anatomical passage from the fiat root to the stem in Monocotyledons was forced to study the mode of insertion of gr first leaf in Grasses, and here gives the results of his investigations
The anatomical details are prefaced by a full oreo of the opinions held by different writers as to the nature of the parts of the embryo in Grasses. For these s th purposely pA i terms which do not convey any opinion of their nature. He calls that portion of the embryo applied to the albumen, and having for its function its liquefaction and absorption, the scutel/wm (écusson), a term by Gaertner and subsequent authors, and derived from wo signe of the organ. With Mirbel the little tongue opposite to lum is called the lobule, and the covering of the gemmale “the aoa: The views of various botanists are summed up as follow
the first view the scutellum is the aK cotyledon ; the ; esas lobule is a second indepemien® leaf; the pileola a leaf at 180 degrees to the second ; and so th e first green leaf of the plant
; urpin, &e.)
second, the scutellum is still the cotyledon, but the
lobule is a portion of it ; the pileola is the secon 0: embryo;.
and the first green leaf is the third leaf of the plantlet (Schleiden, Schacht, Decaisne, &c.)
** In the third, it is the pileola which represents the whole coty-
ledon, the scutellum and lobule being merely expansions of the caulicle
or radi¢le ; the first green leaf is here he second apnenieee * the plant
f
*
¢
52 ANATOMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE COTYLEDON OF GRAMINE.
course. But it is easy to determine that the scutellum possesses a vascular system which after it has once entered is distributed without afterwards making any return to the stem or root.”
Struck by these objections, the author determined to seek a new basis for the solution of the problem by the investigation of the vas- cular system in germinating plantlets, and details the results of his dissections of those of Stipa pennata, Wheat, Barley, Zolium italicum, Zea Mays, Sorghum vulgare, Coix Lacryma, &e. The following are his conclusions :— os ;
‘The cotyledon of Grasses presents in all the plants of the family the same fundamental characteristics and the same essential relationship to the stem. It is always formed of—1. A hypogeal
i more or less sheathing and one-nerved (scutellum, hypoblast), the opposite side of the sheath of which often forms a litt]
a white epigeal sheath, which protects the plumule (pileola). This
bears in certain cases, like the subsequent leaves, an axillary bud, more or less displaced, situated in the axil of its bistipular sheath, or even two collateral buds.
‘‘ With regard to its mode of insertion, the cotyledon of Grasses presents three anatomical modifications.
cotyledonary node is élongatéd by an interposed growth. Of this
ANATOMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE COTYLEDON OF GRAMINEE: 09
condition there are two varieties, First, the growth may occur in the lower part of the unatomical connection : the sheath is then separated
vessels whic ay r by the union the two lateral branches of the cotyledonary bundle* (Lolium, Bromus, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Phalaris, Oryza, &e second, the interposed growth
h tellum is certainly the cotyledon, as Malpighi, Mirbel, &c., admit ; bat it is not the whole cotyledon, even if one unites with it, as do
leat, the cotyledon of the plant. Thus vanish those objections which rendered all partial solutions inadmissible.
“* Comparison of the cotyledonary leaf with the other leaves of the plant.—The composition of the cotyledonary leaf in Grasses being now well understood, let us endeavour to correlate it with the other appendages of the plant, especially with the ordinary vegetative leaf, and with the leaf of origin of the flower branch (‘feuille mére du rameau floral’).
*‘ The ordinary vegetative leaf of a Grass is made up of a sheath, a blade, and a ligule inserted at the point of junction of. the sheath and blade. This last part is usually little developed, without ch!orophyll or stomata, and entirely parenchym but in some cases, as M. Duval-Jouve has recently shown in Psamma arenaria, it at
by a rapid multiplication of cells at the very base of the organ. It undergoes an arrest. of development. Its sessile blade seine e
t+ This mode is elsewhere stated to be that found in the majority of Grasses, also in Cyperacee and some other Monocotyledons.—[Ed. Jowrn, Bot. ]
é
54 ANATOMICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE COTYLEDON OF GRAMINEX.
those in the vegetative leaves = most Grasses, and of a kind similar
to the ligule of Psamma arenaria; it is provided with two lateral nerves, en cana of which it nett shictophesti and stomata ; it is the pileo
ve The] leaf of origin of the flower branch, or, as it is generally called, ee ates * glume* (‘ glumelle inférieure de la fleur’), is compose ed. n its turn of three distinct parts, of which the recent paper of M.
of the organ above the point of attachment of the awn, often bifid, always deprived of a median nerve, but rm which the two lateral nerves
tion of the awn is formed more tardily, and in certain plauts elongates but very little or not at all, so that the awn and the upper region of the
flowering glume remain sessile. last case~the identity of composition between the cotyledonary leaf and the ap ng glume is complete. The scutellum of the one corresponds to the awn of
the other, and the pileola of the oe ig a still pete develop- sencnk t, to the bi-nerved ligule of the latt
“From the vegetative leaf, then, we ans to the flowering glume b a transformation of the blade, a greater development of the li ule,
to the cotyledon of ‘the ssi Ther re is a ure, es souseietion:
edt otyledona i end presents in a great number of Sees a pei condition of which I know ane Saris: a = the other ee of the plants in this family. This tion of the blade (scutellum) from its bistipular ligule (pileoley Height about by the interposed growth of the stem, or elongation of the cotyledonary node of which th the _— occupies
i d
temarks follow upon the of origination of the embryo in relation to the mother plant, seunidsesh on the view of its being an axill. uction of the ing glume. The author then con-
siders the cotyledon in Cyperacee, and then in some other Monocotyle- dons. He concludes :—* The Grasses and Cyperacee are distinguished
er pale” of many English botanists, whi adopt R. i sieiedianine , the flowers of Grasses.—[Ed. Journ. "Bot. aid Brown’s in
t+ Etude Anatomique de? sie des Graminées (Mém, de V Acad, des Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier, 1871). M. Duval-Jouve in this eginoes further in the awn 5 rasses when comp te two s—a ‘eps eee portion, the sent, and a terminal part not tw wiided. the le; corres’ ay enna to the petiole and true blade of the exter ey foling e leaf [Ea 04
CLAVIS EMENDATA MARSILEARUM ET PILULARIARUM. 55
from other Monocotyledons, at least from all those which we have passed in review, by a greater specialisation, a more thorough separa- tion between the limb and the superior sheath. Each of these parts of the cotyledon has in fact its own vascular bundles, which never pass
back to another or: t in other dons, even e the upper sheath is in its most highly developed state and provided th bundles, these always return to th wever, not the less true t ere exists a com betwe the two extreme states presented by the cotyledons of Monocotyledons, viz., that in which the superior sheath is e
onion and lily, and that where this upper sheath acquires, in relation to the limb, not only a great predominance, but even a nearly complete independence; as in Grasses and Cyperacee.”—[ From the Annales des Sc. Naturelles, ser. 5, tom. xv. (1872), pp. 236—276. |
CLAVIS EMENDATA MARSILEARUM ET PILULARIARUM. ' Avcrore A. Braux. Abbreviationes.—Spep. gee ocarpium frevepincn)ams Auct.). Cpd.—Carpo- “werTes ae stipes). F.=folium, foliolum ILEA.—Sori in sporocarpio zygo morpho transversales, pin- ae ay n disposi, Folia lamina quadrifoliata i instructa. A. Spepii nervi laterales prope t 1870, s. 703, f. 5—7). a. Spep. raphe et dentibus carens.
4 ayo Pay ©
1. UW. polycarpa, H. et G. Sond austral. at cantr., Cub, Ins. Societ.) vied Spep. 8—12, serie prope basin petioli incipient : Var. mexicana, A.Br. (Me +t t Spep. obovatum obtuse pentagonum. oe sins 5.— Spep. 6—10, serie prope basin p. incipien 2. a subangulata, A. Br* (Caracas,
ica). 8. Spep. pauca (2—3) a bai Les paullo remota, cpdiis deflexis. has : am 5 on Peanut Sori 6—8. (Pili spepii leeves.) 3. Ut. deflexa, A.Br. Sesoaa Sak all
6. Spep. raphe et dentibus serio compre arginatu basi ‘petiel solitarium. Cpd. e ifeagatam if Peak pag (bili
ii leeves.), ne . Wf. subterranea, A.Br.t (Senegamb.) B. Spcpii nervi laterales va es a ventralem usque distincti. (Monatsb, 1870, s. 702, f. 1—3.)
* Var. MU. polycarpe ¢ An hujus sectionis ? Conf. aii 1870, p. 724.
¥
56 CLAVIS EMENDATA MARSILEARUM ET PILULARIARUM. ¢
a. bags plura (2—5) in eodem petiolo, compressa, bidentata. hy ‘ops plus minusve inter se connata, erecta vel adscen- den
T Cpd. a y hasi petioli remota, ad medium fere connata, spcpio mox — duplo longiora. Dentes spep. subzquales, 1 ley
a —_ vfoliata, L. (Eur. et As. med., ept.
tt Cpd. subbasilaria, Saver connata, spepio hirsutissimo triplo-quadruplo longiora. Dens superior brevissimus, pili verrucoso-punctati.
6. M. Hae ttt Cpd. basilaria. tee spepli vix conspicui 7 :
p. Cpd. distincta vel basi vix cohmrentia, erecta vel adacendentia. + Upd. longitudine spcpii vel sesqui- (rarius duplo-) ng sai pep. matura “ro depilata. I. Spep. sepissim aes 1. Spep. medio as margine tumida. Cpd. subbasilaria, basi subconnata, + Dens superior ee F. — Bey - M. erosa, W. (In + t+ Dentes brevones subsequ ales F, integerrima. r. Zollingeri, A.Br (Java a). 2. Spep. ecostata, faad marginat | Cpdia distantia. F. crenata val subcrenata. * Dens superior paullo longior. - Hd aifea, Oxon (Canar., Alger., Seneg., Atric.
** Dens sup. duplo fere longior. Var. cornuta, ree (Angola). t t+ Cpd. approximate F. in _ approcinatat A Se (Madagascar). II. Spep. seepissime 2. Cpd. basilaria 1. Spep. ecostata haud instgineta, F. crenata. + Spep. oblonga, igaaewng cite ee Philipp.) t t Spep. suborbicalara jen Taye neurva, A.Br. i. (Se negamb.) e 2. Spep. RR Ae mar, arginata wu trinque medio tumida, suborbic ular. F. cre ae 2p Neca A.Br. (Pegu). tt a spepio had Spep. eae bina, basilaria, longis patentibus ad maturitatem usque vestita. egg
ie Sisp, leviter co i brachypus, A.Br. (Penins. Ind. or.) II. Spep. deci 13. HM. gracilenta, A.Br.t (Concan.)
* Species non satis cognita, Af. quadrifoliate similis, + Varietas precedentis ?
CLAVIS EMENDATA MARSILEARUM ET PILULARIARUM. 57
6. Spepia ad basin petioli normaliter solitaria (rarius bina). «, Epidermis spepii persistens (aque ac in precedentibus). 7: #. aaron ees carentia (quod item de precedentibus
“th Spey. dentibus binis subeequalibus BC sine brevius. Epidermis foliorum tuberculis
a. pr ‘spe pli brevissimi obtusi, Cpd. brevissimum cum spepio inzquilatero lateraliter declinatum t Spep. distiche conferta, pilis py ric patulis. 14. DU. pubescens, Ten. (Flor. mediterr.) dep pte minus us regulariter confertum, pilis brevioribus adpr eri M. strigosa, W.* (Rossia mer.) b. Dentes magis conspicui. Cpd. spepio dimidio circiter brevius erectum : t Spep. ventre exaratum arata, r ne {Sere or.) t t Spep. ventre hte carin 17. AL. hirsuta, i. Br. (Austral. septentr. et or.) 2. ite a et longius. Epidermis foliorum tuberculis
a. are "horizontale parvulum (4—5 mm. longum). Cpd. spcpio duplo, rarius triplo longius. { Spep. ventre non exaratum. Epidermis nonnisi in a superiore fol. tuberculosa. § F. integerrima, valde pilosa 18. Uf. Howittiana, A. Br. t (Austral. centr.) § § F. crenata, sericeo- 19. ML. s » Ad Br. (Austral. merid.) §§§ F. incnoorenst parce pilosa. tiller’, A.Br. (Austral. merid.)
t ¢ Spep. sites leviiter exaratum. Epidermis in utraque pagina folior. tuberculosa. (F. subinteg- errima vel on inconspicue pilosa.)
21. M. macra, A.Br. (Austral.) b. Spcep. oblique sdeeniiets ms aut omnino erectum
Cpd. s pio aac cone ~ 7. integerrima parce pilosa. Pili spepii breves
adpre 22, ‘. Tbialsclie A.Br. (Austral. occ.)
** F, crenata, valde pilosa. Pili spcpii elongati patuli.
* Aut subspecies, aut varietas tantum praevedentis. + No, 18—26 inter se maxime : affines, subspecies @. Drummondii distant.
58 CLAVIS EMENDATA MARSILEARUM ET PILULARIARUM.
. WM. larsutissima, A.Br. (Austral. cent.) § § shen ovatum oblique truncatum adscendens. d. strictum spepio duplo-triplo longius. ’ F: Bie ae valde pilosa pilis verrucosis. - Ul. Nardu, A.Br. (Austral. or.) | .* P hes pend leevibus. er A ondlis, A.Br. (Austral. occ.) g §§ Spep ovale ( (ante rotundatui) valde incli- viter curvatum Spepio triplo- ie woven F. margine crenata et
undulata. 26. I. Salvatriz, ae (Austral. cent.) { ¢ Spep. ventre exaratum. Epid. in utraque pagina oe heya osa. (Spep. erectum in cpdio longis- § F. i intege oT. it Pata A.Br. (Austral. centr. ) § § F. crenata.
Var. crenata, A.Br. (ibidem.) II. Spepii dens superior longior Sea Segond productus erectus aut uncinatus. (Epid. fol. le 1. Dentes valde approximati, sinu ac olds ‘digju uncti. Cpd. ie nen brevius. AOE pilis longis patulis vestitum. F. integerri 28. oe ilo oT (Ins. Sandwic.) 2. Dentes sinu obtuso se jun: a. Cpd. spepio brevius om sea uilongum + 2 roe lineari-subcuneata antice denticu- ta.
29. M. tenuifolia, “resghaae (Texas). } } F. late cuneata integerrim spep. longiores patuli 30. I. renga a et Gr. (Amer. sept. occ.) §§ a breviores adpr 1. H. eairondi: AB * (Amer. sept. ) b. Cpd. i 13-2 longius. (Dens superior valde elongatus uncinatus. Pili ut in precedente. - M1. uncinata, A.Br. (Am. sept. calid.) III. Spepii dens superior tantum evolutius, inferior plus
a. Spep. obtusum vel subacutum, fronte neque trunca- um, neque exarat t si 58 dens superior brevis obtusus, inferior minus stinct § Spep. oo subhorizontale. Cpd. spepio 2—3 lo
33. ia riandee A.Br. (Angola).
* No, 2 1 M. mucronate, que medium ee 8 ee jerum v. bordi> nande ots ‘M. tenugfolia paullo mag : is distat. ee ied
CLAVIS EMENDATA MARSILEARUM ET PILULARIARUM. 59
§ § Spep. oblongum — cee te adscendens. Cpd. ni duplo lon M. ncorvoatpa, Presl (Cap. b - 8p.) it Fait hee superior acutius prominens, inferior nino fere obliteratus. § Sink sup. oil conicu * Spep. longius quam “on. margine ventrali obtusangulo adscendente. (Pili spep. ad- pressi. F. emarginata vel biloba. ) 35. I. capensis, A.Br. (Cap. b. sp.) * * Spcp. perminutum non longius quam latum. rape aot F. integerrima. ) chellir
-Sp-) § § Dens superior aculei instar prolongatus. (Pili spepii patentes. F. biloba vel dichotome quad-
riloba. 37. M. biloba, W. (Cap. b. sp.) °
b. Pes tai fronte truncatum et longitudinaliter exaratum. pep. minus compressum, fronte late exaratum,
8
impressum, dente adage“ rotun gis ga + gine Wes, ie Rossia
2. Cpd. a basi declinata arcuatim Motehaen valde elon-
gatum. Sp cp. 1 nelinatum vel suberectum. Epider- mis cellule’ in Sieeate fol. pagina page fer.
“pla s minusve oblite 1. Opd. brevissimum pres (Spep. horizontale, ventre exaratum. - Pili spepii leves. F. anguste lanceolata. ) 41. i.
2. Cpd. modice elongatum, dec ecumbens aut descendens. a. Raphe spcpii brevissima. Dentis superioris so” me
b. Raphe paullo longior, dens superior obliteratus
$ Cpd. s strictum decumbens v. descendens. inclinatum v. pipe ockecgpesey! compressum, is
—— leevibus dense um 3. M. Mexicana, A. “BE. (Mexico).
Oe ee
—
* Subspecies — videtur. :
t Propter denti in hac sectione enumerata, sed affinitate proxima cum M, hirsuta et exarata cy 16 et 17) saat
60 CLAVIS EMENDATA MARSILEARUM ET PILULARIARUM,
} Cpd. flexuosum decumbens, spcpii 3--2 equans, reclinatum, — adpressis laxius ee erot, A.Br. (St. ngo). ttt Cpd. Fi acon uncinato tae (F. canescentia subsericea. ) 45. M. ancyl poda, A.Br.* (Guayaquil). V. Spep. raphe et dentibus carens. (Loco dentis superioris
descendens, spepio 13—2 longius. Spep. oblongum teres, piles leevibus veatifum mutica, Mett. (Nov. Caledon. + + Folia striis slerenchy maticis instructa. (Conf. Monatsh, 1870, p. 692) (Cpd. tenue erectum, spepii 24— ae Spep. bidentatum marginatum ae
Ht. Coroman nlion, eee or.) 6 Spep. inclinatum —— Sor trichopus, Lepr (Senogamb ) ec. Spep. ihieblenlcm permin nutum. —3. muscordes, Tape? (8 enegamb. )
It nubica, A.Br. (N ubia). + + Testa inconspicue Pana Spep. declinatum.
PILULARIA.—Sori in sporocarpio globoso a .. Folia pera lamina carentia. A. Sori 2 pea mem i thar Cpd. elongatum descendens. Spep. anatro Ospo: ctee
non constri : aan Dur. (Flo: r. mediterr.) B. Sori 2—4, seepe 3. (Spep. bi-tri- vel 1 quadriloculare. ) Cpd. breve ehietndieae, 1s sake brevi cum spepi o conjunctum. Meoreepcre 30—50 non constrictex.
P. americana, A.Br. (Amer. sept. et. austr. -)
ro C. Sori constanter 4 (spep. quadriloculare). a. Cpd. brevissimum erectum. Raphe nulla. Macrospore 50 —100 supra NP: glob constri . globulifera, Eur. te
b Opa etm globulifera, E mper.) :
+ Cpd. tisendens v. descendens, Raphe nulla. : P. Mandoni, A.Br. (Bolivia).
* Species fructu maturo 0 deficiente non — Me ita. i Fes secre soe ee Curvatura singularis
48 subspeci dignitate sub samicee M. wiphoneidie (sensu latiore)
}
+ No. conjungénde.
-
BOTANICAL NEws, : 61
t + Cpd. descendens, enue elongata cum spepio ann conjunctum. Macrospore numerosissime (ultra 100) non constri otee
“Now @ Hollandia, A.Br. (Australia). [From the ie eae ht d. Kén Preuss, Akad. der Wissensch. z. erlin,” August, 1872, oF: 668—679. ]
Botanical News.
ARTILLEs IN JOURNALS.
Linnea (October, 1872).—F. Kérnicke, Besar ds 4 of the ; aman! (tab. i).—F. W. Klatt, ‘‘ Contributio a Knowledge of the Primulacee.”’—Tbid., ‘‘ Plants from Madagascar See by A. ‘Gar- nier.’—E. Hampe, “ Musei n novi Aus ex herb. Melbournio a oct. v. Mueller missi.””—O. Bo seed ss ‘Caleraee of the Royal Berlin Rage vers 1872.
Grevillea.—M. on ooke, ‘‘ British Fungi” (contd. —M. *e Ber paler, ‘‘On Thre w Spe ecies of Agaricus from a Stove” (A. (Cillgbia) aches: 4. (Clg) wean - “(Omphatia) Neville).—
.C, ights on Tea otto "(Hen endersonta sine ee Toru < lem a nov. mary Novara’ Diato (conta. 3 depen 5 n. Since Soc., No. 68 (Dec. 4).—M. T. Ma asters, “On the Berane ent of the Andreecium in Cochliostema.”—J. ee Haris of the Genera and Species of Seillee and
rogale Dotamaehs Zeitung.—F. Hildebrand, ‘‘On the Means of Distri- Salton of Fruits of Grasses.””—Ibid., “ On aie - Distribution of ©
new species. ashheei te ra, six new ener . Miiller, Lichenum species - varietates nove” (con td.).— — Winter,
1 and 8 Nylander, + Diacrrdtn UchewaMeies ob in a ae sate (contd.).—F, A rnold, ‘‘ Lichens of the French Jur
American Naturalist.—A. Ridgway, ‘ Notes on "the Vegetation of the Lswen. Wabash Valley ” (contd.).—E. L. Greene, ‘ ‘The Alpine Flora of Col
M
uovo Siorde le Bot. Italiano (10th Dec.).—P. A. hegre e
otes on Pollen-fovilla”? (tab. iii.a).—P. Savi (the ate), ‘* Virescence (phyllod ody) in Bellis perennis”’ (tab. iii.8),—F. Cazzuola, ‘ Records
of the Effects of the Cold of the Winter 1871-72 on certain Plants
in the Botanic Garden, Pisa.”—T. Caruel, “ Notes on certain Botanic
62 : ‘BOTANICAL NEWS.
Gardens and Museums” (in Belgium, Holland, Germany, Austria, England, and France in 1872).— D. Hanbury, ‘‘On the Manna of Calabria.” —E. Hampe, ‘‘Musci frondosi in insulis Ceylon and Borneo a Dr. O. Beccari lecti” (Ceylon, 29 sp., 6 new. Solmsia gen. nov. (=Dicranum scariosum, Wils)—Borneo, 58 sp., 15 ne
—A. Geheeb, “ Bryological Journey (Brotherus’) to
Hedwigia. e Lapland.”—G. Limpricht, ‘‘ Supplement to the Bryologia Silesiaca of | Milde.”
Botaniska Notiser (16th Dec.).—S. 0. Lindberg, “Short Notes on rare Scandinavian M ntd.) (Cephalozia obtusiloba, sp. nov.
osses”” (co C. rigida, sp. nov.).—F. W. C. Areschoug, ‘On Rubus Idaus, its |
Affinities and Origin.’’*
Ne Jena, 12s.).—E. Boissier, ‘‘Flora Orientalis,” vol. ii. Calyciflore
lates). chiefly in relation to Fossil Species” (eight plates and map, and has a French resumé at the end).—F. ab Herder, “ Plante Severzoviane et Borszcoviane, fase iii.’’
~e in ‘Gardeners’ Chronicle ” and ‘“ e.”? the edi Journal, whilst heartil desiring to see the Kew collections maintained in their present situation, is opposed e design o London of erbarium for higher scientific
which twelve new species are described and
: 4 ; gured. Ai ; f. E. Morren has published an interesting account of the work — y furnished us with an English translation-of this —
* The author has kindl paper, which we intend to print at length.
BOTANICAL NEWS. 63
done in Botany by the Royal Belgian Academy of Sciences, Literature, and the Arts during the first century of its existence, 1772 to 1871,
nationale’). From that date a short abstract or notice of all the
appended.
The Newbury District Field Club has published an elegant first volume of ‘‘ Transactions,’’ bearing date 1871. The botanical papers are two—Mr. Britten’s contributions to a Flora of Berkshire, already noticed in our pages (vol. x., p. 58); and a list of Phanero-
by H.
gams, Ferns, and Mosses in the parish of East Woodhay,
too long to reproduce in our pages, especially as to do so would be to print over again many things which were first published in this Journal; but it is our intention to give copious extracts in an early
mime gelida, Willemetia apargioides, Potenti la nivea, Dianthus glacialis, Sesleria microcephala, Crepis pygmea, and Valeriana supina amongst other rarities. ‘The district is specially interesting from the fact that some eastern and western alpine types meet here, where they appear to find their extreme limits. : :
ingsheim’s ‘‘Jahrbiicher fiir Wissenschiftliche Botanik ”’ for 1872 is occupied by two papers:—Pfeffer’s ‘* Researches on Protein-corpuscles and Asparagin,” with two plates; and Wiesner’s ‘‘Observations on certain Colouring Matters,” with one late.
A useful list of the species contained in the published Fasciculi of Dr. Rabenhorst’s Hepatice and Bryotheca has been recently issued. :
We are glad to make it known that Mr. F. J. Hanbury 1s collect- ing material for a complete Flora of the county of Kent. No county
Flora is more wanted than this, and we are happy to give publicity to
his request that all who have any notes or memoranda, however
Tesident in the county who is willing to work up the flora in his district a copy of the ‘London Catalogue,” in which to mark off the plants which occur. Address :—F. J. Hanbury, Stoke Newing- to
n, N, - The Council of the Royal Society have resolved to continue
”
64 BOTANICAL NEWS. bay? “Catalogue of Scientific Papers,” carrying on the list up 1873.
The following are among the ne ne of the Government
grant of £1000 for the advancement of s e to the Royal Society for 1872:—£50 to T. R. Fraser for fives gition of the antagonism between Physostigma and Atropia; £20 C. Williamson for
researches on organisition of fossil plants of the coal measures ; £50 to C. R. A. Wright for history of opium alkaloids. Dr. C. € as been continuing his explorations in the Rocky Mountains during 1872, and has made large collections. Mr. A. ennett, M.A., &c., has been appointed Lecturer on Botany to St. Thomas's Hospital Medical School.
Dr. G. Henderson, the Yarkand fenvaliine™ is acting for Dr. King as director of the Caleutta Botanic Garden, during the latter’s pie: in Euro
Prof. Willkomm of Dorpat has gone for scientific purposes, to the Balearic Islands and the ‘South of Spain, and will remain there till A Ne a ae
As pendix to the last published part of the “ Revue Biblio-
graphique” of the Soc. Bot. de France (Jan.—April, 1872) are obituary ie the late A. Gris and 8. R. Lenormand. reat European Moss herbarium of Milde has been acquired by the Kaaaeary ot Nat. Science at Stockholm, and the herbarium of rll Ferns, &c., has been bought by Herr A. Metzler of Frank- ort ; _HERBARIUM FOR Sare.—Mr. Kue mer nee ova of the Upper
ith reference to a paragraph about Hooker and Baker's “Synopsis Filicum” in our last number, we are requested by the Foe to state that the stock of that work is not yet quite ex- ha We have been asked by the solicitors to the Portuguese Govern- ment to request our readers to reserve their judgment on the conduct n
made The herbarium of Wimmer, author of “ Salices Europe,” has become the property of Herr R. Fritze, of Rybnick, Silesia.
Original Articles. NEW HYMENOMYCETOUS FUNGI FROM STOVES. By Worrsrerton G. Surrn, F.L.S. (Tas.. 129, 130.) Tre conditions seams. ats a Fess — of Fungi and an equally
good display of flowering plan a stove are diametri trically opposed. Horticulturists ree this bets ches teint else; therefore Fungi h oui
ime i nursery- man or gardener considers it his first duty to utterly destroy all Fungi the instant he sees them; therefore, though doubtless many foreign species of interest appear on impo exotic stems and ote rho yet so eagerly are they searched for ‘and so ruthless]
Fr., and Pistillaria furcata, Sm. of a large number of exotic i asned I select the following for illustration and description :—
Tas. 129. abe 1. Le ae ie gp guns Fig. 2. Under surface of ditto. See 3. Section Fig. 4. Spores enlarg' 700 —
eecaeans 0003" x 0002: L, 2. potas 1878.) ¥
r
66 NEW HYMENOMYCETOUS FUNGI FROM STOVES.
Bull’s Orchid House, Chelsea, temperature 75° to 80°, 20th August,
A striking and most distinct species, nearly allied to 4. Cucumis, P., and A a Aehbieses, The echinulate red spores are most un- common soma the Dermini, but I have observed similar spores in A, flocculentus, Poll.
129.—Fig, 5, 6, 7. Agaricus (Naucoria) echinosporus. Fig. 8. Section of ditto, Fig. 9. or enlarged 700 diameters.
3. Marasmius suBvLatvs, sp.—Pileus moist, at first buff, becoming sttiats < margin ; gills rather thick, ventricose, somewhat branched or connected by v eins, faintly stained, at first adnate, rather thick, distant, or very distant : stem horny, subulate, elastic, white at apex, deep brown at base from the first, tapering downwards and minutely pulverulent throughout ; odour strong, like M. Oreades, Fr. ; oe 0003" x *0001”. Allied to HM. rotula, Fr., and MM. androsaceus
rowin g in dense patches on Tree-Fern stems, Veitch’s Nursery, Chelsea, 9th May, 1870.
Tas. 129, Pes TO 1, -t2, be peeps subulatus. Fig. 14. Section of ditto. Fig. 1 5. Spores enlarged 70 0 diamete
4. Marasmivs aratus, nov. sp.—Pileus a brown, smooth, rugose ; stem stuffed, densely but minutely eee in every part ; gills brown, rather thick, sometimes forming an obsolete collar round top of stem asin Jf, rotula , Fr. ; odour strong, fangoid : spores smaller than last, “00027” x 0001". Allied to I. fusco-purpureus, Fr.
Tree-Fern stems, Veitch’s Nursery, Chelsea, 10th May, 1872.
Tas, 129.—Fig. 16, la Pe, Marasius aramius, Fig. 19, Section of ditto. Fig. 20, Spores x 700
Potyporus XANTHOPUS, em —Pileus very thin, like a infundi- pa ey sub-oblique, zoned, yellowish brown; stem short, ver smooth, shining yellow, enlarged at apex and base ; pais decurrent, ve a minute, round, pallid. On old wood, Bull’s Nursery, 1872.
. 130. eg 2. Polyporus xanthopus, Fr. Fig. 3. Section of ditto
ret "Pores enlar
- Ravutum Cyarnes, nov. sp.—Cru cag hk mes ochraceous, savecie: at first rounded, te “fossbasseiia
some riclags cylindrical, irregular, scattered, terete, nad becoming jagged argins; spores somew irregular in shape, *00025” x
00017". Allied to R. quere
bis ellie stems, Veieh’s Ne dace’ Chelsea, 19th May, 1870.
—Fig. 5. Radulum Cyathee, Fig. 6. ee Xe., enlarged. Fig. 7. ‘action. nics 8. ia po cei 700 diameters & te NA, noy. sp.—Slender, slightly branched,
6. Cry RVIN branchlets cpa, fan colour, base brown, stuffed ; spores ochraceous
Allied to ae erisp
a, bout ree-Fern Wile Royal Horticultural Societ South Knee Sent ante | oyal Horticultural Society,
Tan, 130.—Fig. 9. Clataria’ wit
7. PIsTILLARIA PURPUREA, nov, sp.—Ovato -clavate, clubs obtuse
PECULIARITIES OF PLANT-DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEEDS DISTRICT. 67
or acute, ~~ purple ; stem stuffed, distinct, sometimes spotted with crimson; mycelium sometimes blood- red ; spores small, nearly round, "0001" ion
A most distinct ner the blood-red mycelium and crimson spots on stem are characteristic. dts sé thlarGu 20008 10. Same tas purpurea, Fig, 11. Section of ditto. Fig. 12.
{Tax. 130 will be given in the next number. ]
THE PECULIARITIES OF PLANT-DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEEDS DISTRICT. By F. Arnotp Less, F.L.S.
Ir GLE: some detailed account of the more striking facts in stuaetinn with the distribution of plants in the suburban districts surrounding our larger provincial towns, more especially as to the
diffused species.
Such an account in respect to the town of Leeds may be possibly useful to those interested in this question if, whilst sketching such peculiarities as I am acquainted with, the flora be contrasted with a saa "4 Poser iuiane! as described in the last volume of this Journal
(p. 3 A resident near Leeds until very recently, I have for ye lee pe special attention to g.¥ ocal botany, with a view towar Flora of the Riding; and I.may, therefore, claim with
a oe a somewhat thorough familiarity with its salient features
What I have called the Leeds district I shall consider as restricted to the area within a circle having a radius of some seven miles from the heart of the town. “Were I to extend this to ten miles, I could
the c and east of Leeds being as much above the Hl as the once tract would seem to be Hy it. There a. , for this ourth in size. of vincial towns
on all shale ony res ruil Pethostip
n the north-east edge of the eat Yorkshire coalfield, the thickly i inhabited Licibe with their outgrowth of mills and collieries, spread farthest and are chiefly found to the south and south-west. Hen. Rakaoa al taking up the southern third of our Bayi: circle, a
68 PECULIARITIES OF PLANT-DISTRIBUTION. IN THE LEEDS DISTRICT.
uge ironworks (Kirkstall), one of the plants most characteristic of the district still survives—Geranium pratense growing in stony pasture-land by an inky river, as it formerly grew all along the valley, flourishing inera- dicably until actually buried under smoking mounds of slag! In this most barren district Convolvulus arvensis is not, however, uncommon’ It seems rather to prefer, I have thought, the broken shelving edges
Irrespective, too, of the district, I find Papaver Rheas and dubium, with Chrysanthemum segetum, infesting cornfields not un- commonly
A great contrast to this obtains in other directions. On the north, north-west, and north-east sides o i
miles of the town on the east, and at Roundha
each place in the ¢ species, such as Helianthemum, Anthyllis, Carlina vulgaris, HHype- ricum hirsutum and montanum, Atropa Belladonna, Picris hieraciordes, Gentrana Amarella, Plantago media, Orchis pyramidalis, Brachy- podium pinnatum, &c., whilst Oolchicum ‘autumnale forms striking feature in the meadows, and Lithospermum officinale in the brushwood ;
y may be found ommoner xerophilous
Going more into detail with regard only, in this place, to the presence or absence of the Manchester non-occurrences, an ina-
Out o
twenty are found pretty absent.
Those which I claim are as follow :— Clematis has gained a firm footing” in two or three localities, and t
Met ; hough no doubt formerly in- troduced, has found a congenial soil and climate on the limestone in
hf
PECULIARITIES OF PLANT-DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEEDS DISTRICT. 69
such places as old quarries, and veld have to be regarded as a denizen.
Even on the millstone grit I have known itin one spot for many years
spreading and esa ye well. Papaver Rheas and dubium are both P ‘
frequent, th ftenest in cornfields, the latter more sporadic more senciedee distributed. Papaver emone, from its
preference for sandy soil, is almost unknown with us. The themum is restricted within our district to t ca-
reous tracts, but is there common; the sa ay be said of Viola hirta. Viola odorata is somewhat pia but occurs on wa ge-
r banks in several places, not confined to on soil. Arenaria serpyllifolia
not so ee as in the The Stellarie are universally common, eve um is rather frequent, and Alchemilla arvensis, Scleranthus annuus, & means scarce. None of the Mallows
b
are very abundant, sy ym all occur both on and off the limestone, M. rotundifolia always near farmhouses, Jf, moschata in hedges or on sandy river-banks, and If. sylvestris on waste ground. Acer campestre is frequent as a small hedgerow tree loving the sandstone, in com- pany with the broom, the wild cherry, and Viburnum Opulus ; whilst in Cornus sanguinea we have a sub-xerophilous shrub common
our magnesian districts, with the privet and ELuonymus europaeus for associates; the latter, however, rarely ripening its pease ong the yellow-flowered Umbelliferee, Silaus is frequent in connection Agrimonia and both the Pimpinellas ; and Pastinaca coaicanl with Carduus eriophorus on the limestone. Conium, without showing any
culus arvensis is plentiful on the limestone with C. sepium, and with- out the latter scarcely less common even in n the coal districts. Of the Labiates, Mentha aquatica A ee Thymus, Stachys coryen
quent occurrence. Three ae Ce Origanum, and naeiaie Clinopodium are confined to the limestone, but common there ; and esa Cataria, Calamintha efeinalts or and Acinos occur in one or two
ots on the same tract. Lamium album is not to be called common,
still sca. to te written rare “Abdo I can call to mind far more stations sate S, Galeobdolon. The cowslip is ‘plentiful, and the prim- rose abundant on the limestone, though on the sandstone it occurs
he lime- only sparingly, and then in bushy boggy placts mostly, Ont
the, sn Sl with the cowslip are exceedin gly frequent. Plantago } with us almost as closely as
Hordeum mur. one station only Sore) in which wee is plat, a this, too, off
the limestone. Of the mural fern muraria occurs occa- 7 On the magnesian limestone in um,
Leeds in a wild state. They include one mural species— Cotyledon, occurring nowhere on gritstone walls I think ; one ge’
70 PECULIARITIES OF PLANT-DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEEDS DISTRICT.
sand, C. officinale is, I fancy, not th mmon plant it is often considered. It is very widely distributed, and sporadically is occasional in most counties, but inland occurs nowhere in the ex- ive abundance in which I have found it on the sand-hills at Irelet ar Barrow-in-Furness, at Saltfleet in Lincoln, and Southport in Lancashire. Hordeum pratense, too, prefers the sandy pastures we near the sea, but in 1870 I noticed it on the saline drift below Clent in Worcestershire in some ple
r t ‘ xifraga vridactylites, Draba verna, and in a lesser degree Arabis Thaliana, are either altogether wanting or singularly rare wi omparison r more
8. Aquatic and palustral plants as a rule are plentiful and well represented. The only commoner damp-loving species I can call to
es. Amongst the more common inhabitants of dry banks and fields, Ranunculus hirsutus and Trifolium arvense are noticeable as quite un- known m campestre rare. Cerastiwm semideca
nown, and Lepid rum and Coronopus Ruellii 1 never met with in the West Yorkshire distric
7
PECULIARITIES OF PLANT-DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEEDS DISTRICT. 71
f the dry sand-loving species, Hrodium cicutarium and Geranium columbinum are absentees, whilst Spergularia rubra may be met with very sreanenbly.s on the millstone grit. Geranium sen is not un- common.’ It d be a very difficult matter r the common mugwort ieee six or seven es of Leeds, at ea that dis- tance, alike on sandstone and limestone, it seems almost ubiquitous in the hedgerows. Solanum nigrum, Lamium amplexicaule, and Cheno- podium rubrum are the most conspicuous nou-occurrences amongst the weeds. From our cornfields Thlaspi arvense, Lycopsts arvensis, and
Lysimachia vulgaris and Nummularia, Sanguisorba officinalis, an Tansy ; yet scarcely a trace of inne nigra, Sium angustifolium, and Glyceria aquatica.
In conclusion I may, perhaps, be allowed to instance as briefly as possible some few of what I consider ey species characteristic of our district ; species which will, I apprehend, be abse nt from the southern and western large town wns, and which in a grea septa seu tinsel us for iy poe somewhat long list of non-occurrences.
Of the list of more striking Manchester plan given by Mr. Grindon, I a not know any that we lack. With us too the stately and soldier-like ‘‘ foxglove eaeagy guard our pea glens and quarries in exceeding abundance. On the limestone : becomes much scarcer. Campanula “atifolia shakes its splendid Le freely in ae aves in the calcareous district by Cam
simachia nemorum. Lychnis diurna hid mostly abundant, tbl
givesits name. Here the blooms are invariably a pale delicate pink— on the limestone, where it is erin always purple. Ranunculus s an om
auricomus, sub-xerophilous too, _ n. the ‘gritstone it flourishes in even
re@a, Sanicula, an ense, again, is a character weed in hilly stony
pastures, on the land ie jot: to within a iene ata, carried down by the stream be found on the ‘low river-
odor y banks toa few ek below Leeds, Phaash more abundant above the ther
tion in ve y places some twelve miles only from the ‘ ferring the hacks of beech woods, along with Convallaria mapalis and
72 ‘ ON THE CH‘ING MUH HSIANG.
aquatica, and Polygonum mite. Dag
On the entomological peculiarities of the district I am scareely competent to pronounce. It is not considered a good one for butter- flie
for the want of the perfect insects; but I hardly think it ©
will be found that any of the species I have enumerated as absent from the Leeds district are so because of the non-occurrence of insects whose particular mission it is to fertilise them.
ON THE CH‘ING MUH HSIANG, OR ‘“‘GREEN PUTCHUK,” ' OF THE CHINESE. Wirn some Remarks on THe Antrporat VIRTUES ASCRIBED TO A RISTOLOCHIE. ; By H. F. Hance, Pu.D., &e.
Amonest the drugs held in high estimation by the Chinese is one known by the names of Ch‘ing muh hsiang, or Tu ch‘ing muh hsiang, 1.¢., “Green Putchuk,” or ‘Native Green Putchuk,” * derived from
* Reps to be a good deal of obscurity and confusion about the names = this p “4 nes Rags eet to the first, Mr. Bowra states (Rep Trade |, p. 66 t ies of Ci i J R.Br are both. . Taal ) that a species of C meno ~ Rosa Banksia,
e7 t uh hsiang, which i 18 OF NO use as a medicine, so that it a: parently draws a distinction between the ; ‘ d ”
a E 3
+, an rmina i d . Han (Notes on Chin. Mat, med,, 20) and Dr. Porter Smith (Contrib. Mat. med, China 22). But it is at least ier Ay For there is no decisiy believe, that thi i i
gus e lipid. Boner ae sIn., p. 38, n. on ys a > un, . ann St . : Davus sum, non (Sdipus, Cannot solve these ultra-Sphingean
AY ees
ON THE CH‘ING MUH HSIANG. 73
some fancied resemblance to the rhizome of Aucklandia Costus, Falc., which latter is largely imported into Southern China, for the pu rpose of making incense-sticks, &c. It consists of pieces of rhizome of a light brittle texture, varying in thickness from the diameter of the
ash-grey epidermis ; and which, when fresh, has a hot camphoraceous peppery odour, and a Raper 3 camphoraceous and bitter taste.* The ** Chih u K‘ao,” or ‘‘ Illustrated lp Sg and Description of Pianta,” pablishied only twenty-five years ago, gives a really excellent outline drawing of the plant (here Tepiredlest , and speaks of it in the following terms (cap. 21), for the. translation of which re am indebted to Mr. Sampson’s kindness :—‘‘ The Zw ching grows on the slopes of hills in Hu peh province. It isa trailing plant, the small branches, leaves, and fruit like those of Ma tao ling; the ve are yellow, small, and fragrant. In medicine
it is employed to urns and indigestion. It produces orate in the form of a rents yee cylinder, bamboo re at first small, afterwaids larger, curved like a buffalo’s horn, the sharp end being
raised, and of a rather deep pafple-biack hue. The sexual organs are visible within.” Dr. Tatarinov was, I believe, the first to refer this product to an Aristolochia ;+ and, subsequently, Dr. Porter Smith, who remarks that ‘it isa owerful purgative, emetic, and anthel- ‘Mmintic remedy, principally used for snake-bites, being employed both externally and aie erroneously supposed it to be referable to A. contorta, Bunge.t Mr. E. C. Bowra, in his Report on the Trade
* Mr. Hanbury (Notes on Chin. Mat. med., 32) speaks of it in a dried state
as having a slightly aromatic taste, with “but little smell. Rhizomes dried by
ont ey lf lost their scent almost maeiraly, but retained their flavour for the most part
+ Catalog. medicam. sinens., p. 12, n. 93.
to Mat. med. of China, p. 22. work Leet contains a great variety of pornetion on the real therapeutic prope ies of Chinese drugs, as well as the fancied virtues ascribed to them by native practitioners ; pi carestast scientific pre ra pea are :fequentp very untrastw worthy, and gener erally to be received ier the utmost caution. ‘This arises from several causes: from the use of faites 3 mont or less unreliable ; from sin Ha Pegi es pat Schultes" determinations of the Chinese names in J which learned friend Dr, Bretschueider (On the Study = Valu of Chie. Bot. Works, p. 23) has conclusively shown to be a very fa us guide—similar names in the two countries often net only allied s pacha, or even quits different mera ; from imperfect practical bopenient knowledgs, and especially an in-
ficinalis and F. pee) Ceiba,’ Rubus Ideus and. R. fruticosus, Rosa
z = 3 eB a ht a e8s Pe e z ise i ~ f HE z* 4 aE
ON THE CH‘ING MUH HSIANG. 7d
of Ningpo for 1868, states that, in the nalighibwdsod of that port, whence the drug is very largely exported, the plant yielding it is a common garden creeper ; and he was so obliging as to procure, at my
hitherto undescribed eter of which I sctiahs a testa ARISTOLOCHIA ae oLOBUS § SESSILES) SACU SIELAEEA | ee lab
rhi zocarpica, £
ramulos eisecondentin groenee emittente, caule sinistrorsum volubil
latiusculo truncato auriculas ro as divergent Pp
saturate viridibus infra glaucescentibus crebre tenuiter reticulatis pedatim 7-nerviis nervi is e oribus divergentibus omnibus infra promin ina 14— nga e medio sinu in petiolum 3—1 pollicarem cuneatim attenuata, floribus axillaribus solitariis cernuis inodori: culo tubum perigonialem
subeequanti fultis, perigonii ptyxi valvati extus glaberrimi nervis
6 tenuibus longitrorsus percursi luteo-viridis intus pilis pluriseptatis
obsiti ore livide purpureo maculisque luteolis picto utriculo 3 lin. e
ubo semicire rsum parum 9 lin. longo limbi subbilabiati labio “infer rotundato subemarginato superiore triangulato-lig sais 4 e vo 6—7 lin. longo, columns depress lobis brevibus semiovoideis obtusi medio
rso sulcatis, capsula obovoideo-spheerica apice depressa ce tenuibus
prominulis, seminibus tenuib
oblongis utraque sictheinibate: emarginatis 2 lin. longis 3 lin. latis
m e atro-cinereo pignie we nucleum paulo pallidiorem triangulari 12.
ande
soon as the perigone is fully open, becomes abruptl fracted, usually, but not always, with a cert 1 . torsion, to rig or left seg ara eh the apex or side se te er Pak of the
an erect position. The hairs on the lip and in the iret ind upper part of the tube are purple ; those towards the annie part of the tube, which they completely close, a costa ta All are in structure
accomplished physician and student of a foreign materia medica, is likely to lead to : nad ority, even in rn action where he - committed Sluatien cove errors, and in some cases apparently given mere cru esses, more or less wide of the truth. A determination which is not periestly precise is worse than valuel * Trans, Linn. Soc. xxv., t. 14.
76 ON THE CH‘ING MUH HSIANG.
F, Nees represents those of 4. betica as much the same,* I suspect these closely+septate hairs are common to all the species of the genus. The immediate allies of the Chinese plant just described are to be found in ne species which inhabit the region of the Mediterranean basin, and the adjacent territories ; — amongst these it is, believe, nearest to 4. altissima, Desf., A. Pisto rect Linn., and espe cially 4. betica, Linn., and A. me. Sibth. Amongst Kast Asiatic species, there are only ms with which it is likely to be confounded : A. debilis, Sieb. et Zucc.—very emote! described by Zuccarini ;} at first placed by Duchar Se between A. rotunda, Linn., and 4. /onga, Linn. ; then erroneously located by Klotzsch,§ together : iris meIKE ;
and of which the true position was only recently ascertained by the late Professor 'Miquel||—and_ A. Sinarwm, Lindl. The former is de- bed as hav i
and a tela and seeds exactly like those of 4. Roxburghiana, Kl.— that is to say, the former angular, and with conspicuous thick ribs, and the latter differently shaped, and with a pale wing.§ As t to the second, the diagnosis given is so very brief and imperfect that even the section to which it belongs is quite uncertain. It may be the
same as my species ; but the perigone-limb is described as straight, and
the plant is said to be fetid, whereas I find the Ningpo one quite ight s
widely diffused over both tg has been so univ mi credited with alexiteric properties as Aristolochia, and this, too, in all ages, and in every condition of soc asa alike by the wandering savage and the polished citizen or learned physician of a hi ighly civi- ine. U Seeaonmesla. In the forcible language of Endlicher,** ‘Species mprimis secernentium, neryorum et cutis vitam solic pgeceuer in Melvin oe dis e corpore potentiis morbificis, veneno potis- simum animali, ee — Serpentum morsus unanimi gentium tp celebran As of the ee basin, ‘Thvophrasta praises 4. pallida, Willd., as a remedy for the bites of snakes, when infused in wine and drunk,
* Gen. Plant. Fl. Germ. Dicot, Monochlam., t. 50, fig. 26. - Abhandl. d. math.-phys. Kl. d. Miinch, Akad, iv. Abth. 3., 197. _ se. nat. Par. 4¢ sér, ii., 32, § Di ecg pte d. Berlin herbar., in Monatsber d. k. Berl. Akad. d. Wilsoncba: 1859, || Ann. Mus tae <a -Bat. ii
| Mig Se ae Wight I hee I Prod. xv. sect. prior. i eat nd, or. iii., t. 771; Duchartre in DC.
irid, oy cis Ofr. on the uses of the species ally—Rosenthal, ibe plant diaphor., 246-8; Bocquillon, ‘nluouel “Vhist, as oni, ii.
a
Naira
:
' ON THE CH‘ING MUH HSIANG. rid be
and used also as a topical application ;* and this or other species, ae bably 4. betica, Linn., 4. par reifoliay, ibth. et Sm
of Ardstolochia in cases of snake-bites as a universally recognised fact,{ and Pliny notes the employment of 4. pallida in such cases.§ 8 pseudonymous Macer, in his poem ‘‘ De viribus herbarum,” written ied the tenth century, and which for more than five hundred years
as the recognised authority on vegetable materia medica, eink ey in this respect an equal rank to that conceded to the renowned ‘ Re men Salernitanum ”’|| in all cases of diet, et and the daily con- duct of life, thus refers to A. rotunda, Linn:
‘‘ Pestiferos morsus, cum vino sumpta, rotunda Curat, et assumptis prodest sic hausta venenis.”’§
And this belief was universal during the middle ages. Nor can the
ment to the “‘ doctrine of signatures ” ; not only because it seems clear it was inherited from antiquity, but also because, remarkably nough, one of the most curious works devoted to the exposition of thie fanciful theory, the ‘* Phytognomonica ” of Giambatista Porta—a contemporary of our Gerarde—first published at Naples in 1588 though several times ore to the presumed virtues of Aristolochia,
* Hist. Plan , 18, 35 ix., 20, 4. ed. Age sek One hundred and forty years ate Nicander ‘extols t erse, thus :— nie Thy & nTO b EX! os TE xa Ee aes Egidyns fery po ess OQERos mepiogs quoy. ivOev ' mop pas Spa n pigyoITo ror ey xi ppa os otyns,’ Saale rheriad. 517—19.
t De Divinatione i L. 10. ‘ st Hist. xxv., 8. Lays A little aha of this (and which would have been still mo lntaesdting » hod t been shar d by i ee to the writings of verse, has been pees wiblished by Professor Onirinses: of Columbia Saicce New York. {| De viribus herb., vers. 1402-3. I quote from the excellent edition of Choslant (Lips. 1832), who nee defends the utility and interest of the book, ng an insight into medival life and thought. Spren gel ben rei hen 4, Te speaks of the author most contemptuously, as “‘ miserrimus _
. Alexander org however, asserts (Popular Names of Brit. Pl., J el. 2 2, . 2) that the fanci nes of jArinilo ochia Clematatis, Linn., in assisting
difficult parturition were pt nibed to it ob formam oris perigo: nii adhue inex- pansi feminali haud absimilem ; and i ts pe ecaige that the Tsinciee negroes have given a coarse popular name to 4. grandiflora, Sw., from a similar resemblance.
ye ON THE CH‘ING MUH HSIANG.
Venezuelans), A. odoratissima, Linn., 4.cordiflora, Mutis, A. anguic lit,
inn., A. fragrantissima, Ruiz (the celebrated ‘‘ Bejuco de la Estrella ” of the Peruvians),|| 4. macroura, Gomez, A. cymbifera, M et et
the accomplished investigator of the flora of New Granada, found - tenera, Pohl in daily use in similar cases, as a never-failing remedy, under the name of “ Matos.” ern physicians seem with one accord to regard these plants as diaphoretics, stimulant tonics, and emmenagogues only ; but the array of testimony from all quarters of the globe, and extending over a Pp
rds of Cicero, the subject
0 far as 1 have been able to discover from a rapid examination of the book—it is not inviting reading—almost the only plants to which Porta attri- butes the power of curing snake-bites are Tri i i aculeatus, 9 rutic , i Lupulus, Linn., Smilax aspera Linn, Arum mn culgatum, Linn. (Ed. Francofurt, 1608, pp. 268, 271, 274.)
¢ DC. Ess. propr. méd. ed. 2, 259. Forskal is, I eve, the authority ard this statement; but the Specific determination ig
or 8 ; n
islands of the Aig otz: ivi (Die Aristol. d. Berl, herb., 595). It is likely, howev. cases A, i esf., may have been taken for it. Cfr. Duchartre’s remark preg frequent confusion of the two in herbaria (DC. Prod. xv. seet. prior, t Royle Ilustr. Himal. Bot., 330, § Endlicher Enchirid. bot., 219 3 R. E. Griffith Med. Bot., 532, | A Ernst (Seem. Journ. B
ing to Mr. ot. iii, 281), the “ Be; ae Estrella” of Venezuela is an undetermined Menisperma: cen ) ejuco de
€ Weddell Voyage dans le nord de la Bolivie, 535, ** De Divinat. i., 7,
te S ae : oe Pens ae ra Rey eee SASS eS aa tee aR UE eS Se Poe ef Dee aS
EQUISETUMS AND CALAMITES, 79
seems tome to demand a very careful and dispassionate investiga- tion.
[Note by Mr. D. Hanbury.—To the very interesting article of my friend Dr. Hance on Green Putchuk may be added a few lines show- ing how large a trade there is in this drug. r. Bowra, in the report referred to by Dr. Hance, estimates the total value of the export trade of 0 in 1868 at 6,073,709 taels, or about £2,026,903, of which
some of which are far dearer. The supplies are chiefly derived from the plant which is cultivated, but the root of the wild plant is also collected, though to a very small extent.—D. H. ]
ON THE ORGANISATION OF EQUISETUMS AND CALA- MITES. By W. R. McNas, M.D. [Read at the Meeting of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, December, 12th, 1872. ]
a sincere desire to help, f hi shed try and elicit the truth, and not to detract from the fine work done Pi :
value because I approach the subject from, I venture to believe, a different point of view—namely, that of a botanist who wishes to apply what is known of recent forms tothe elucidation of the fossil, because it is to the recent forms I have given most attention. I shall, there- fore, make ample use of the figures and descriptions given by Prof.
* Phil. Trans., 1871, p. 477.
ao
80 EQUISETUMS AND CALAMITES.
Williamson, and shall try and point out that some of his observations will bear a second interpretation; and further, I believe that the Calamites do not differ so much in their essential characters from the living Equisetums as Prof. Willi i
ga
the spores. Unfortunately the reproduction is unknown in certain of the forms (Lycopodium, Phylloglossum, Psilotum, Tmesipteris), so that the remarks made do not apply to then erns, Equisetums, and Ophioglossacee: only one kind of spore exists, while
zocarps and Lycopods (except the fourg just mentioned) two kinds are formed, the macrospores forming a more or less rudi- mentary prothallus with one or more archegonia, while the microspores form a very minute or imperfect prothallus with an antheridial cell which forms numerous spermatozoids. Leaving out of view the
~ Vike Ot eee
ae
rated from the Ferns, as they possess v i the known cases the prothallus is not green and is produced under- — " See Sachs’ ‘* Lehrbuch” (2 ed.), p. 345, et seq.
+ Monececious prothalli are only exceptional, according to Hofmeister.
EQUISETUMS AND CALAMITES. 81
h aerial branches are sent up yearly. The plants inhabit wet places, : aid
thick. The small branches which are produced in whorls from the stem in some species are very peculiar. Hofmeister has shown that they arise from a single cell in the interior of the tissues at the base of the sheath-leaves, this endogenous formation of branches being peculiar
isetums. These endogenous buds can be readily seen in a young branch of the rhizome of £. arvense taken late in autumn or early in spring by making a longitudinal section right ugh it. When fully formed the buds break through the base of the sheath- : sontigr:
leaf, or they may remain for a ime do buds should be s there are teeth on the sheath-leaves, and in
_ @rvense and other species they form the narrow branches of the plant. The buds formed in the rhizomes may remain dormant e part
becomes.exposed to light, when they may rapidly develope. On the underground stems the buds are not produced in complete verticils.. Two or three strong ones are formed which may either be marooned into new underground stems or form the. erect aerial ranch. . > The reots form in verticils, one immediately underneath each bud, but they are seldom alldeveloped. In structure they resemble much the roots of Ferns, and branch like them in a racemose (monopodial)
numerous teeth on the sheath-leaves. The stem of the Equisetum consists of a series of generally hollow internodes, with a transverse diaphragm at the base and a sheath-leaf at the upper end. The diaphragms are absent in the cone-like fruit. The base of each inter- node is surrounded by the sheath-leaf of the internode next below. The outer surface of each internode presents a regular series of ridges
* Sachs’ ‘* Lehrbuch ” (2 ed.), p. 357. +
82 EQUISETUMS AND CALAMITES.
and furrows which alternate in succeeding internodes, the fibro-vas- cular bundles being always superposed to the ridges, and thus alter-
bundle forks and unites with that of the next internede, thus forming a regular reticulated hollow cylinder in the stem not unlike that in
the Ferns. A bundle also runs from each of the teeth of the sheath-
leaf and joins that in the internode. Lach fibro-vascular bundle con- tains a lacuna or air canal, which will also be superposed to the ridges, while the lacune in the cortical portion of the stem, when present, are superposed to the furrows. The points of the sheath- leaves correspond to the ert and a fibro-vascular bundle runs up into each. The buds and roots produced at the base of the sheath-leaves form between the fibro-vascular bundles running to the apices of these leaves. e cone-like fruit of the Equisetum consists of a
of modified leaves. At first there is a modified sheth-let, the ring, a bract-like structure beneath the cone. come whorls of modified leaves, which, by the peculiar growth of the outer part, form more or less hexago nal shields supported on a narrow stalk. The shield gives rise to ge m 5to 10 sporangia, each developed, according to Hofmeister. per ierene a single superficial cell.
This rapid description of the general characters of Equise will suffice for our purpose, and we shall now direet our attention path
(ad ° > © 2 =] =] o ] S Be «qf [=] et > @o <4 ) ae ° | na ‘ Rn
NATOMY OF Eguisretum. ~ Whe en viewed with a low.
power the stem exhibits a more or less large central lacuna or air space. Surrounding this are the separate fibro-vascular bundles, arranged in a circle,.and separated from the fistular central cavity by a few cells, mostly pesensbryineons, the remains of the pith. Each fibro-vascular bun dle is supplied with a lacuna elvireny its inner bee,
neral chiefly parenchymatous, with lac cune; but in many cases Pande of — thick-walled cells oce ur.
tial ace
EQUISETUMS AND CALAMITES. 83
tripe The necessary strength and firmness i nd obtained by the needa ae . peculiar, long, fibre-like, rtical portio:
stems “hey are a and chiely devsloped: under the ridges. epidermis consists of a single row of _ Senseally manta dekaned, and containing silica in the walls, the mata forming i in the furro ws between the ridges. _ The outer cortical
oe Mettenius), more or less dark brown in colour in the under- ones. Those thickened elongated cells are not found in the fertile stems of EF. arvense and i a maximum.
layer of cells running continuously round the stem in a regular circle, the sheath of the fibro-vascular bundles. In other cases each separate fibro-vaseular bundle is surrounded by a special sheath of its own.
The cells of the sheath are often more or less thickened, and in rhizomes the walls are generally brownish or yellow. When each bundle is surrounded by a separate sheath, then the tissue of the cor-
a series of thickened cells exists on the inner side of the fibro- vascular bundles in the rhizome, the walls of the cells being deeply coloured.
undle.
ea’
part (xylem, Naegeli) consists of only two forms of Set. The
annular, spiral, or reticulated cells which by fusion me the
vessels, and elongate chymato lls contai ¢
which sometimes form “the bounding cells of the lacuna, at othte times a 2
84 EQUISETUMS AND €ALAMITES.
lie between the groups of vessels. The bast portion (phloem, N aegeli) of the bundle consists of three series of cells. The greater portion consists of bast-parenchyma of thin-walled narrow cells containing starch. Between these parenchymatous cells, either in small grou or scattered, are cells which are wider and contain either granular contents or air. At the outer side of the bundle a more or less
ss a
ao
3 i aN 2 2009 A) 60 HX
x Ps og Bony Sena Bu i or Equisetum hyemale. (ArtER Drppey.)— me ser " is : renchyma, chy, G starch. e vessels.
els, ast paren ti. y,, me an Seen Hee med hats pee "aaiaabs vessels ‘(siebrib-
Hyapal y ae of rg ueeerme with thick walls ile small central cavity
of the
— epidermis consists of thin-walled cells of a brown colon r, and p uces numerous brown-coloured root-hairs. Under the pat ars aN is often destroyed in old roots, many
EQUISETUMS AND CALAMITES, 85
rows of thickened dark-brown parenchymatous cells are found, the outer cells being empty, while the inner. are filled with starch, and passing into thin-walled, colourless, starch-bearing parenchyma more
several are present, being largest. Surro 8, soft- walled cells fill e space. lls fo the phloem part of the bundle, and consist of parenchymatous cells
parenchyma) and cribriform eells. e fibro-vascular bundle is sepa-
rated from the cortical tissues by the sheath of the fibro-vascular bundles.
uctuRE oF CatamiTEes.—The resemblance between the vege- tative parts of Equisetums and Calamites is no mere superficial one. In the Calamites there existed alarge underground stem running for a considerable distance and giving off aerial shoots. Such being the
nous Fi aes a deep-seated origin) buds Pe a single cell in the tissue at the base of the fasinates “nerdy leaves, en we can easily see how they became detached, the attachment
i ys being so slight : not as in Dicotyledons and Perinat ati y a direct passage of the stem tissues into those of the branch, or by true iP eagcoe ms and Lycopods. The erect aerial stems would be m
The Calamite stem, both aerial and subterranean, possessed a central lacuna or fistular sith similar be hang in the quisetums of the present day,* and around this central lacuna the fibro ar bundles are
placed in a circle ebsites g chose i in n the stem of A essing g Dicotyledon. Tt is to the structure of these bro-vascular bundles that I wish to
separated by a lit parently prolonged externally, and forms a wedge-shaped masses uniting externally and forming a continuous layer exactly like the wood of a pe ba old Dicotyledon. In this mass the cells have & more or less ting linear arrangement, wi with smaller cells between the larger ones. Here i in nearly all known specimens the tissue ends,
* Prof. Williamson states (op. cit., p. 505) that the pith of the present sub- terranean, rhizomes of thé Equisetums remains intact, not even becoming fistular.
86. EQUISETUMS AND CALAMITES.
and the stems are generally assumed to have been decorticated. Com- paring the stem of the Calamite with that, say, of E. maximum, we find that the external cortical layer with its lacune is wanting, the rest of the stem corresponding tolerably exactly.
It is quite unnecessary for me to enter into any details as to the structure of Calamites, as the splendid memoir of Prof, Williamson* leaves little to be desired. But there are three points which seem to
from those of all recent vaseular Cryptogams? 2. How can w for the stems of Calamites being so frequently decorticated ? and, 3.
1. Is it necessary to assume that the fibro-vascular bundles in Calamites are differently constructed from those of all recent vascular Cryptogams ?
If the description of the fibro-vascular bundles (‘‘ woody-wedges ”’) in Calamites given by Prof. Williamsont+ be assumed to be correct, then we find that their structure is essentially different from that of the corresponding parts in Equisetums. Nay, more, not only do they differ from those of Equisetums, but from those of all our recent vas-
° [==] 5 n oa =I I oO e B ct 4 B © ge 5 g 8 B nm > ro) to ge ra =} ps ® i?7]
ot Dicotyledons do, because, according to him, in Calamites and Dicoty- h place ; the bundles not being closed capable of regular increase by a cambium
i setum, if the wood (xylem) portion of the bundle lies external to it ; and by asserting oh the a ternal to the lacuna, we immediately the fibro-vascular bundle ?—where
a undle bast-portion begins, Further, it would point at once to
the conclusion
* Phil. Trans., 1871, p. 477, t Loc. cit., p. 480.
} Williamson, op, cit., fig. 14, pl. xxiv.
EQUISETUMS AND CALAMETES. 87
that these curious elongated cells external to the cells near the lacuna not form a component part of the fibro-vascular bundle. In £.
of these sclerenchyma cells of Mettenius, which seems to me to indi- cate that the so-called bundle in Calamites as described by Prof.
especially in rh 20* would be produced.
ordinary appearance of an Equisetum stem, with the bundles and
lacuna arranged in the ordinary way; but the sclerenchyma bundles
are remarkably developed, and run from epidermis to the fibro-
vascular bun The preparation has been put up in tama Saenae in
The large sclerenchyma band runs from the bundle direct to the epi- dermis. No sheath of the fibro-vascular bundle exists, and the pith cells internal to the bundles are observed to be slightly selerenchy- matous and dark in colour. This is exactly what we find in Calamites, the only difference being that in this South American Equisetum the sclerenchy ma bundles are separated by the lacune of the cortex, which are wanting in Calamites. is 4
If we consider that outer portion which Prof. Williamson believes to
natural affinity in adopting the idea of circumferential growth occurring in them,
* Op. cit., plate xxv.
88 EQUISETUMS AND CALAMITES.
Calamites which I have neater as sclerenchymatous, but apparently forming part of the fibro-vascular bundle, to be sclerenchyma, the necessity for considering the gore decorticated at once disappears,
These woul ting in the underground stems, hence the dnhitinated appearance usually ascribed to them hat part does the sclerenchyma, which forms so important a constituent of the at of other vascular Cryptogams, play in the construction of Cala
In Ferns the slorenchyma i islargely developed. In Pteris pee
it forms two well-marke migrate plates between the fibro vascular bundles, and also forms a thick zone under the epidermis, stot complete, but defective along tie lateral lines. — small scleren- chymatous bands are scattered between the bun In Tree Ferns
Williamson’s interpretation of the Calamite stem be correct, then no pe vtagg ed exists, orif it did exist it has been lost with the missing ©! supposition, however, can hardly hold good, because the salebelintiyats was as likely to be preserved as any other part, ~ as it forms a more or less complete investing cylinder in most case wo! certain to have the Slto-rdaaliar s, unless removed by face sufficient to have destroyed the more delicate internal tissues. The conclusion that forces itself on me is
chyma, which must be perforated by the tissues run ning to a branch or leaf ; or that agen oe Figen has taken place in the bundle after hae ie ch was a
called woody-cylinder i in that baaaas and in whieh? Prof. * Williamson eemete hi bent discovered circumferential Eryw it _pne pointed base
cones Punaiickite Schriften, Dp. 138. + Phil. Trans., plate, xxiv,
EQUISETUMS AND CALAMITES. 89
of the Calamite stem indicates clearly that, like the stem of most
nating series, while in Misi the rays are continuous, and do not alter their position at each node. As to the infranodal canals, I would beg to suggest that they were the spots at which the extremely delicate tissue is formed which gives rise to the endogenously formed buds of Equisetums, and from which the branches and roots originate. In Equisetums the branches and roots arise close together at the upper end of the Saternade, but in Calamites the roots apparently spring from the lower end.
necessary to be very guarded in pred new genera or peers from characters derived from the structure of the stems of Calamites. As
sporangia, form an alternating vertieil of fewer leaves than the sterile one. Should this character be found to hold, it would be an admirable one by which to ra Calamites and Equisetums. The class Equise-
tee is separable into two orders:—1. Equisetes ; and 2 Calami- tee. The Equisetex distinguished by having all the leaves of the cone modified and bearing bagi a while the Calamitese have only every alternate verticil bearing sporangia.
I have said enough to direct attention to ie EL alaneey of sclerenchyma in these plants, and also to point out to h may take up this most interesting subject that the py mt - must be taken in the identification of the various tissues I Sige that those who have worked at the subject will ‘find that °
not eur ey nted them, and have only attempted se " Seeouha w t I believe to be the truth, while at the same time I not wish to heen or put forward the ‘slightest claim to infallibility.
GeneRraL Conciusions. 1. That or _ of Equisetum differs but little in construction from
that of
0. That fe mn be thE iset 1 Calamites the fibro-vascular bundles are but poorly developed.
3. that the ae tissue (woody-wedges of Williamson) forming the most important part of the stem consists of the small fibro-vascular
bundles, with the addition ofa large anes of thickened parenchyma and “grape ae (sclerenchyma, Mette
That the sclerenchyma (ieteonins) is is part of the cortical tissues, and ae a portion of the fibro-vascular bundl
90 SHORT NOTES AND QUERIES.
5. That there is no evidence of any growth having taken place in the fibro-vascular bundles comparable to that observed in sh ledons; but that if the stems of Calamites increased in diameter it w by additions to the cortica/ tissues, and not to those of the fibro-y barf
bundles
' 6. That the pointed ends of the Calamite stem (indicating that the embryonic parts did not enlarge) lead to the conclusion that circum- ferential growth did not take place, but that the stem, when it attained its maximum dia _r close to the base, remained cylindrical.
SHORT NOTES AND QUERIES.
ODWINIA GIGAS, Seem.—This wonderful Aroideous plant, brought
plate of this remarkable object is very faulty, being cone sNioiwea? ei
memory. T rawing of Mr. Bull’s specimen, o out quart
the natural size, given in the Gardener's Chronicle for the 18th of uary, gives a very fair idea of its appearance. The spadix was quite
inches long (Dr. Seemann’s ‘‘nine inches” (/.c., p. 818) may ‘have been an error) and about one hae entirely covered with the closely- set hermaphrodite flowers. I was not able to dissect one of these, ut an examination im situ Ponce to confirm the characters I had previously made out_in Dr. Seemann’s wild specimens now in the British Museum.—Hxnry Troven.
Currivation or LozantHus rvror#us.—Dr. Moore, of Glasnevin, Dublin, in a paper read before the Royal Society (on 20th January),
europaeus oaks (Q. there. The seeds were obtained from Dr. Fenzl, of Vienna (the pea is Mier in Caine and <tiee many unsuccessful attempts to
germinate, by treating them in the same way as the Mistletoe, whith is is readily propagated by merely placing the seeds on y ob
inserting the “er the centre of a gently bruised bud on a young
shoot of the previous year. This was in January and February, 1870 ; a few leaves of the Loranthus appeared in April, 1871, up to which
®
SHORT NOTES AND QUERIES, 91
time the seeds had remained covered with a substance like transparent glue. Last year, 1872, more leaves were developed, so that there is
no doubt that the parasite has a old. Though the Loranthus europeus has been artificially grown, we believe, in Austria, this is the first time that it has been propagated in this country. Its mode of parasitism appears to ifferent from that of our Viscum,
stem, but merely spreading out between the inner bark and the newly- formed wood, and probably not producing the sucker-like branches which in the Mistletoe originate from a lateral extension of the wood of the parasite, and bursting through the bark of the saortierts appear like new individuals.
Pinus Bunezana, Zuce.—In a paper on some Northern Chinese plants, published in the 13th vol. of the Journal of the Linnean Society, I described the fruit of this tree, and remarked that, whilst Endlicher gave one native name, Dr. Wells Williams had noted that
in that capital, he points out an inaccuracy in Dr. Williams’s state- ment, and adds some interesting particulars regarding this — Conifer, which I think worthy of being placed on record. I scribe his own words:—‘‘ Dans vos notes sur les plantes de la Chine septentrionale, vous patie a propos - Pinus Bungeana :—Endlicher gives ‘the tree of the nine dragons’ as the Chinese name, but the
pine.’—Je me permets de vous expliquer cette ditférence. Pinus Bungeana, connu toe uropéens de Péking sous le nom de Pin: écorce blanche, est appelé par les Chinois pat kwo sung, ce qui veut dire ‘ pin enveloppé de blanc.’ Dr. iams a probablement remplacé
ee caractéri ny pour P. Bungeana, dont vous ne faites Sia pelisde un fait oe ircerahfh a été déja niguats par Fortune (*‘ Journey to the capitals of China and Japan,” si je ne me trompe), qu’a un ou deux pieds du sol le ‘ithe se divise toujours en plusieurs tiges. L’arbre a Tsié-tai-sze en présente neuf, ce qui lui a valu le nom de hiu lung — sung (pin des neuf dragons), nom donné par Pempereur . Kien-lung, qui, frappé par l’aspect de ce noble arbre séculaire, l’a méme oblébr & pas des — qui se trouvent gravés sur une tablette en marbre.” H. F. Hance amare
CER NiaRUM wits SrrputEs.—Mr. J. F. Mills sends a branch of a Black Maple in which well-formed foliaceous stipules are developed, their bases adnate to the ieba The pec eid We is ggg toa
wi next you! —A. Gray in ane Nat., pescator, 1872.
92 NOTICES OF BOOKS.
and Rabenhorst’s ‘“‘ Mycologia Europea.”’ In these works he will discover a large number of species, new and old, with the results of the iodine test incorporated in the descriptions.—M. C. Cooxe.
Notices of Books, :
ee
anticipations may be set some weighty objections. Of course no
advanced botanist ever uses such tickets, so that we may limit our- selves to the consideration of comparative beginners. Such should i
nearest, and the specimen is considered done with. Had he no printed ticket he would write a short description or suggest several ssaniie in pencil, and so the specimen would subsequently returned to for
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCTETIES. 83
Leaving, however, the question of their utility, it is certainly to be regretted that a better model was not followed in this series, or that their author should have been influenced by any dekh biting With the exception of the use of a bolder type and the omission of the Linnean class and order, these a te differ in no ma from the
. Pamplin. Each lab
the collector’s name is a little over three-quarters of an inch long by one-quarter high. A very unmeaning feature of the old labels has in giving definite localities for segregates and
i
y other h the printi localities is very likely t eee the toeitiner into supposing gre are only to be found the wah ough, therefore, sinae can scarcely be given to this page
as a series of labels, in another aspect it is of some usefulness. The volume forms a comprehensive and generally accurate tatigas of the British Flora, with all the latest seek abeoin duly entered, and the whole arranged a according to the usual sequence followed in this count, No less than 3544 labels a are included in the volume, this large number being partly the result S duplicates being given when- ever the auithiGnitios followed differ as to the natural order, but partly to the large number of casuals and atfaie admitted. Asa ae full list of British species brought up to the end of the year 1872, the
possesses an independent value. It may be added that the whole is very well printed and remarkably free from misprints or oe ors.
Proceedings of Societies.
Borantcat Socrery or Enrvsurcu.—WVovember 14th, 1872. Prof. Wyville Thompson, President, in the chair. eer ps ident delivered an address upon Fermentation and Putrefaction. Mr. John Sim
cottage garden near Perth. Mr. Sadler exhibited specimens of a species of Lupinus, resembling LZ. luteus, which he found growing in a turnip-field near Blackshields, about sixteen miles from Edinburgh, the seeds having probably been introduced with guano. Dr. John a noticed the oceurrence of Cicendia filiformis in considerable
bundance on Roydon Common, near Lynn, Norfolk, where it was
94 BOTANICAL NEWS.
first discovered by Mr. Bray.* Mr. I. B. Balfour exhibited and pre- sented to the University Herbarium specimens of Gentiana nivalis, which he had collected this autumn on Mael-an-Tarmachan, a moun- tain 3400 feet high, midway between Killin and Ben Lawers (see vol. x.
Dee 1a 12th, 1872.—Mr. J. McNab took the chair as President, in the room of Prof. Wyville Thompson. The following communica- tions were read :—‘‘ On the Organisation of Eyuisetum and Calamites,”
y W. R. McNab, M.D. (see p. 73). Prof. A. Dickson showed some beautiful sections of Calamite stems, of different ages, sent by Prof. Williamson, of Manchester, for baree on the occasion.
c
The cross sections showed the at in undergone by th ge-lik s forming the W a r; while
e radial and tangential sections showed the thin plates of smaller cells (‘‘ med lamson) intercalated between the radiating plates of elongated tubes of which the wedge-like masses are compose These tubes Prof. Williamson considers
ass s as analogous to vessels rather than to wood-cells; while they are viewed by Prof. McNab as corresponding to the sub-epi- dermal ‘‘sclerenchyma” found in many Equiseta, or to the rade chyma surrounding the vascular bundles in some Ferns—this view, in Prof. McNab’s opinion, explaining the so-called decorticated sonata
of most, if not all Calamite stem s, the bark of which has, he r : i
1. p- 353). H. C. Baildon presented to the bila leaves of Ficus lasio- phylla from Singapore, the hairs of which are used as a styptic.
Jagga, East Africa. Dr. P. Macla agan noticed the? occurrence ‘of Poa sudetica near Kelso in a naturalised condition.
Botanical News.
Articrs in Journals. — JANUARY,
Grev —M. J. Berkeley, ‘Notices of North “Americal Fungi ”’ yee ).—E. Parfitt, ‘‘ Botrydium granulatum, Desy.”—W.
dditional Province (4) to “‘Comp. Cyb. Brit.” & xten Sy east limits of this species in Britain. Ta Journ, raya Sieitinesiate
BOTANICAL NEWS, 95
Archer, “ Notes on the same.”—R. Braithwaite, ‘‘ Dieranum undu- latum, Ehrh.” (Has been found in Yorkshire by Mr. Spruce and Mr. Anderson. )—M. C. Cooke, ‘‘ British Fungi” (contd.). Journ. R. Horticultural Soe. (re ili., pts. 11 and 12). 7 Anderson- ... “‘On Imperfect Hybridity.,.—A. Mu Analogy.”—Ibid., ‘‘ On Grafting and Budding.’ _—F. Welwi itsch (the late), ‘On the Loranthacee of Angola.”—M. T. Masters, ‘‘ Second Report of Experiments on the Influence of Various Manures on Different Species of Plants.” onthly Siero am Heory —R. Braithwaite, ‘‘On Sphagnum euecunde, Nees ” (tabs. 3 and 4). erly Tua. “Wiaroee, Science. —W. R. McNab, ‘‘ Notes on Hanstein’ s Researches on the Development of the Embryo in Mono- cotyledons and Dicotyledons ” (tab. Botanische Zeitung.—J. Nai Sa ‘‘Qn the Germination of Lycopodium” (tabs. 1 and 2).—E. Fournier, ‘‘New Ferns from Nicaragua” (9 new species Ceneesned tri hab ank, ‘*On Trans-
ovsky, ‘On Caucalis orientalis, h.?? Flo de Vries, ‘ Report on the Chief eieea Publica-
ra,—H.
tions in Holland in 1871.”—H. Wawra, ‘‘ Notes on the flora of the
oh Islands” (contd. ) (Dottie, 6 new sp. 5 Gullandig. 4 new sp. ; Cyanea humilis, n.s.).—W. Nylander “ Addenda nova ad_Licheno-
graphiam europeam” (17 new species, 3 eas Britai tain).—E. Tangl,
pparatu dwigia.—Venturi, ‘*On Orthotrichum”? pete .).—R. Buthe, ‘* Remarks on Hybridisation between Orthotrichum anomalum and O stramineum.’ Ocsterr. Bot. Zeitschrift. —Memoi with portrait, of J. Juratzka.— J. Pantocsek, ‘‘ Plante nove anni 1872 Hercegovinam et Monte negro coll.” (Vol Nicolat, De Potentilla montenegrina, 0.8. P. Jankaeana, n.s.).—A. Kerner, ‘On the flora of Dalmatia, Croatia,
d ° . Asche Vatke.”—-A. Val de Livre, ‘« Notes on certain Ranunculacew of the Flora Tridentina ”’ Keontl ) —A. Kerner, ‘‘ On the Distribution of the
H. Wawra, ‘* Sketches of the Wortcs of the Donau round the World.” —R. von he chtritz, ‘‘ Notes on Knapp’s Pflanzen Galiziens und der Bukowin
New Booxs.—B. Seemann, “ Flora Vitiensis,” part x. eee the ea (4to, L. Reeve, Abe s.).—P. Kummer, “Der Fiihrer in ooskun
3s.) _ The following is the answer of the Treasury, dated January Snot 1873, and addressed to the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, to the memoria
* OF these, Amph.dlestra simpler is Dictyoxiphium panamense, Hypoderrt Say no doub Aaa Seeminni, Prentice in Journ. Bot. vii. Sere p. “94 B)
96 BOTANICAL NEWS.
to entertain the idea, they will take care that ample notice shall be given, and that the judgment of the persons most accomplished in Botany shall be fairly weighed in the first instance.—I am, sir, your obedient servant, Wirn1am Law.”
eare glad to announce that Mr. J. ©. Mansel-Pleydell’s Flora
the thirty-second part of the “ Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Neder- landsch-Indie.” He describes fourteen new species of various
rd h n species of which are enumerated as found in these islands, fifteen ing figured. The other plates accompanying the memoir are devoted
. H. C. Watson intends to print a selection from the materials collected in years past to show the distribu iti
render the enumeration as complete as possible. e cordially second: his appeal, and congratulate British Botanists on the prospect of so useful a book
of the Gard _ Dr. Ernst, of Caracas, has been named by the Government of Venezuela to fill the Chair of Botany in the University of Caracas, where Natural History has hitherto never been taught. He is like- wise commissioned with the foundation and management of a small botanic garden and the correspondent botanic museum. For the garden he will have the two large yards of the University building, both together 1300 square metres large, which will give about 800 plan |
: . . ee B p Hayne contributed an interesting and valuable paper on the Flora of oab to our volume for last year.
ee pe ee
ES ie ee ee 1) nests eee
Original Articles. SUPPLEMENTARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF NORTH CORNWALL.
By J. G. Baxer, F.L.S.
I nave been much interested in studying the ig! plants gathered
y Dr. Hind in North Cornwall, printed at page 36 of the present
uta of the Journal. So far as botanical records oe he has entered
upon almost untrodden ground, for from Turner and Dillwyn down
to the recent Devon and Cornwall Flora of Keys and Holmes, there
are roe yf few stations reported from the tract to which his yet
tive, scarcely at all by positive, characteristics. In a sentence, this ract may be described by saying cys ti is that part of the county of Gorawall to which Cowper’s definiti ‘* Where England, stretched Lilet ligh the tian’ sun, Narrow and long, o’erlooks the w does not apply. This is a right-angled obec added to the north of ~~ ‘narrow and long” portion of the county at its eastern extremity, wi a line twenty miles long from Tintagel east to Launceston for its al, the co ndary running out due north from Launceston along the Tamar for sevinty. miles towards Hartland Point and Clovelly for its perpendicular, and a magnificent sweep of craggy coast facing the north-west for the hypothenuse. The cliffs rise as we pass along from north-east to south-west, but the country falls rather than rises inland ithin the triangle do we reach a
co ated very thinly, cultivated impe
Sweeps we low undulated swells, with little actual heather-land still remaining, and quite destitute of the thick hedgerows, an ae lanes, aie wooded brooks with deep sylvan b whic
monly associate with the idea of Devonshire scenery, is completely bounded on the south by the great granite mass of D; and the ridge of high bare hill that forms the backbone of Toes onihs ad thus shut in on the south and exposed to the sea on the north, ‘with very little variety in station within its area, looks in ysical ¢ character and botany like a slice out of the poorer rer part of Cumberland or Lan- cashire translated to the South of England, and offers a great con
trast to the distri trict between Exeter, ay eden Plymouth by the
total absence of many species of a Southe: hich the south of
the county yields, and the rarity of many others of a Southern type
of character which we are accustomed to see commonly even about
London and in the Midland — So that I believe Dr. Hind’s H
N.S. von. 2. [aprit 1, 1873
98 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF NORTH CORNWALL.
list will be found to be a much fuller representation of the total flora than anyone who looks through it with Watson’s Compendium or Keys’ Flora, without. understanding the actual character and pecu- liarities of the tract, will be likely to suppose. I paid a visit to the ' district for three days i in the autumn of 1871, and made notes on the spot of all the interesting plants I saw, and I find that Dr. Hind has fallen upon them nearly all. Like him I found Bude to be much the
it sandy beach bordered: by low sandhills. Although the cliffs along the coast are carboniferous, there are very few of “the characteristically limestone plants. In fact, as I have hinted already, all the three elements likely in this part of the world to bring in rare plants, the Southern tendency, the Montane-sylvan eae and the Xerophi- lous tendency, are either absent or negatived by circumstances, and it is these combined negations that constitute the interest of the dis- ta and make me giad to see such a good basis for its flora now
Running through my notes, I find mention of a few additional species, and offer also a few ie Sips disk regard to some critical plants already mentioned in Dr. Hind
Barbarea precox. Roadsides near ser and Yealm Bridge.
n escape. olygala depressa. Heaths near the coast south of Bude.
Lepidium Smith. Near Stratton and Yealm Bridge
Sagina maritima. Shore at Bude.
Erodium moschatum. Shore at Bude, apparently truly wild.
Ulex Galli. In several places, in moory pieces of ground. This is no doubt what Dr. i ct nds by U. nanus, and is extremely common armen the provin
us Cerasus. Plentiful in the lane between Yealm Bridge and
Whitestone
Rosa tom tosa. Lane near Whitestone, not sae fron the last.
R. obtustfolie Hedge a Vittle north of Laun n.
e frequent forms of fruticose Rubi. 0 e district are
cordifolius, Radula, villicaulis, discolor, and corylifolius. I saw also 18, pyramidalis, and Lindleianus near Launceston, eesius and althet- Jolius near the coast at Bude, umbrosus in hedges between White- stone and Red Post, and “ata and dumetorum with ascending sepals on a heath north of Yealm B
Lepigonum. 1 sa iduipledi sparingly near the mouth of i stream at Bude, and RIE abundantly with Crithnum and Armer on the cliffs to the south, but not marinum, which Dr. Hind Pe
Pastinaca sativa. Near the coast at Bude.
Peplis Portula. Roadside near Whitestone.
Carduus crispus. Roadside near Whitestone
Hieracium umbellatum I saw by the rindelie near Yealm Bridge, and in other places. Probably Dr. Hind’s doubtful corymbosum is oie as tn pe plant is quite unlikely to occur, and perhaps also his do
ster Tripolium. Plentiful by the stream at Bude. Anthems nobilis. Roadside near Yealm Bridge
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF NORTH CORNWALL. 99 * Bidens tripartita. Ditches in two places near Whites Melampyrum sylvaticum of Dr. Hind’s list should mai bs pratense.
I saw the latter, which he does not ae more than once, and sylvaticum is quite unlikely to be found her
Atriplex hastata. sult &e.
Quercus sessiliflora. Whitestone anid Bude.
Ulmus stricta. Roadside a little 8% ~ Launceston northwards. Euphorbia portlandica. On the bea
Sptranthes autumnalis. High dhe orn lis south of eee Tris fetidissima. Ditches between Whitestone and Red Pos Scirpus glaucus. Salt-water ditches at é Hades
Blporrta. maritima. Bude
Triticum acutum. Bude. Lolium temulentum. Bude. Ceterach Maps Walls of the bridge at Yealm Bridge.
REMARKS ON SOME PLANTS NAMED IN DR.. HIND’S ‘“ CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF NORTH CORN-
WALL.” By T. R. Ancuer Brtees, F.L.S.
As a student for many years past of the botany of that portion of Cornwall which lies within about twelve miles of Plymouth, it has been a matter of great interest to me to go carefully over the Rev. Dr. Hind’s list of North Cornwall plants inserted in the init which number (pp.
few queries Delphinium acer L, This I have fogs seen near Plymouth,
either as a “casual”? in waste spots about gardens or as a cornfield
plant. The list is aan by the remark, rr When no locality is given,
the plant is frequent or common, ” so we must conclude this to have d in some quantity. It would be interesting, at least to
ee botanists, to hear under what circumstances, whether as an weed
jag Ni ea Mouth.
The mention of these names affords m ean sppottiiiih y for correcting an error into which I fell when writing last year of a ~~ a form
100 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF NORTH CORNWALL.
from potato-fields near Torpoint in Journ. Bot., N.S. vol. i., p. 265,
and specimens of which I have since forwarded ‘to the Bot. ie! Club for distribution. In the article referred to I spoke of it as something different from the truly annual form of Watson’s B. campestris (ap- pearing in his Supp. Comp. Cyb. Brit., p. 22, as the second entry under No. 114. “ B. saeco ti Eng. Bot. No. 2234. An annual plant in turnip-fields ; Archer Briggs !’’), but cultivation of it has since shown me that it is identical with this other, and Ihavenow young plants, pro- duced from seed sown a few months ago, with the decidedly grass-green root leaves of it. When I collected the Torpoint examples last summer, but few, and those small, specimens had escaped the labourer’s hoe ou
of the lines of potatoes, and on them alone were all the leaves perfect ;
but they had run up so quickly into flower that the grass-green rosette was absent, and hence arose my mistake in supposing them to be a new form fe the larger plants the lower leaves had rotted away, partly earth having been drawn up around their stems as well as about Dises of the. atop The only forms growing about Plymouth n a po
that I now know coming under Syme’s Brassie ymor.: re this truly ual Brassica and the plant given by Watson immediately after it in his Supp Comp. Cyb. Brit. as ‘1 campestris ?, or
‘ Rapa sylvestris,’ a biennial plentiful along the Thames.”’. I suppose the Bude B. —_— to be one of these two ; but what is the Norcot Mouth B. Napus ?
Viola odorata, L. Poughill. I have seen this in Cornwall only where the suspicion of its having escaped from cultivation attaches to it, — it is clearly indigenous on some of the limestone beds to the east of Plymouth, as mp a few miles from the eastern mane ine
Rhamnus catharticus, L. Lansells. A very interesting addition to the county list, though I must confess the possibility of Dr. Hind’s having inadvertently written ‘‘ catharticus”’ for Frangula occurs to me, from the ae: of the latter shrub not being named at all by him, though so common in many om arts of Devon and Corn vail
Rpilobium angustifolium, L. Boscastle. Is this «. macrocarpum, 5 - or 8. brachycarpum, Leight, ? I have never seen either in
any part of Corsa} though the first occurs as a doubtful native in one spot near feo ind the latter in another, where it is mani- festly only an ‘‘e rom an adjoining garden and shrubbe Watson does not cae z pe debe fotng as Secor ne beyond Somer- set and Dorset (vide Supp. Comp. Cyb. B
Epilobium me Fries. seehibia: te this the E. obscurum of
bington’ a Mon and the next, from Kilkhampton, Syme’s
is rathe rT local vs Sempervivum tectorum, L. Thisis only to be seen about Plymouth . a ik where it has been planted, and really ought to have no place erticillatum, Koch. Week St. M. An important ad- dition to to ‘the flora of the county. I have easdi? believe that fu further
ON CROSS FERTILISATION. 101
particulars seb it as a North Cornwall — will be shortly communicated to the Journal by a botanist of Launceston. I have never seen it see either in Cornwall or Deyo von.
Pastinaca sativa, L. Near Norcot Mouth. I have found this but very sparingly in Cornwall, and only where there is a proba- bility of its having been derived from gardens; but itis indigenous on limestone to the east of Plymouth, hens it is frequently conveyed in rubble from the quarries to other spots about t
Gnaphalium sylvaticum, L. Hitherto penne for Cornwall and very rare in Devon, though I have seen it in two spots near Plymouth. Is not the common G. uliginosum, L., a ant ?
Arctium majus, Schkuhr. Poughill, &. N st previously given for the county. In the neighbourhood of Plymouth I have found quite a series of forms ranging from this to ew-minus, Syme; but 4. mter- medium, Lange, or A. pubens, Bab. Man., ed. 6., and 4. nemorosum, Lange, are so ill understood by m e that "Tam at a loss as regards
me
arduus pratensis, Huds. Week St. Mary; and C. acaulis, L. Bude.
Both these thistles are new to Cornwall, and I have never seen either near Plymouth.
Verbascum Blattaria, L. Tintagel. I have only seen this as an alien or ran he generally with cream-coloured flowers. virgatum is much m re frequent and is always to be found in certain localities near ao
n Carex Geri, Ebrh. Moorwinstow. All the plants from the neigh- bourhood of Plymouth 0 have been so named I believe to have been only C. lepidocarpa, Tau arex fulva, scdiendabubbbantt, Hoppe. Moorwinstow. Last summer I found C. fulva on Viverdon Down, in the south-east of Cornwall, and have sent specimens thence in my last parcel to the Bot. Ex. ‘Club. Previous tothat I had never seen it in this county, nor lave I yet found it in von an a
are :—Hrodium moschatum
Th hey J 8 Rosa micrantha, Sm, Between Dalstone and Marham-Church.
or dat sad) yd (oj ee See ON CROSS FERTILISATION AS AIDED BY SENSITIVE MOTION IN MUSK AND ACHIMENES. By F. E. _KircH ene, F.L.S.
102 ON CROSS FERTILISATION.
influences.”’*. In this category he places the stigmatic movements o f Mimulus, Martynia, and Scevola, and the movements of the stamens in Pg a and other plants. The object of the movements of the stamens in Parnassia was already connected in his mind with that of insect agency, and this has since been conclusively established by other botanists.
am not aware that a like connection has been noticed between
. . .
and Af. glutinosus will, as he himself has tried, close at the slightest ch. ‘The sensitiveness will be seen to play a useful part in this
e flowe rom erect in the bud to horizontal in the full- blown flower, but never hang downwards. Of the four stamens the anterior, lower, and larger pair rip ep , upper,
at that time, slanting position of the flower. Ina just-opened flower e stigmas are fully open, parallel, and opposite to the lower lip of the
faces being therefore both downwards; the shorter
anthers are nearly empty, and the longer ones only just beginning to mic with the shorter, and almost
Ina flower almost beginning to fade the longer stamens are still shedding their pollen, the shorter ones are withered, and the stigma be-pollened and in many cases closed. This closing may, moreover, be
rim ing the stigmatic surface with a
pencil, in which case the stigmas will close in about thi nds. In
ed toe whether from contact or otherwise, the stigmatic surfaces close
From these facts it will appear that self-fertilisation by the shorter stamens is impossible, and that self-fertilisation by the longer stamens (1) by their bursting late ; (2) by the direc-
« rior, by being some slight distance from the upper lip ; & from the probability that the Nesatio surfaces may have been touched and closed before they burst at all.
On the other hand, an insect attracted to the flower for the honey
together no doubt facilitate this, as they do the stamens from separating. The large size of the stigmatic surface
* Sprengel’s“‘ Anleitung zur + See A. W. Beans oe
Kenntniss der Gewiichse.” i. re 2g 3 ’s paper in Journ, Linn, Soc., vol. afce. 26.
PSEUDOCARPS. 103
will of course increase the chance that any insect with pollen on its proboscis or back will not fail to leave some grains attached to it as
for its completion, or if it be not completed in time, the mechanical effect of the backing motion of the insect will be to complete the closing.
A similar use of a quite different movement has been suggested to me by Miss S. 8. Dowson, one of my Cambridge corresponding class.
time the bud is just opened it has lengthened out between the stamens, and its tip is adpressed to the upper lip of the corolla. As yet the
this time are all four close beneath the end of the pistil, and ope downwards. The filaments then begin to contract, and nthers, which adhere together, are drawn lower; and y the filamen twist themselves such a degree that the anthers are dra
stigma have opened. They will be seen to form a fork over a slight rising in the middle lip of the corolla, by which entrance to the flower, except exactly under the stigmatic surfaces, 1s prevented, =
PSEUDOCARPS. By W. R. McNas, M.D. -
: ‘ hich I nave taken the liberty of using the word panes ig Re; die.
Need in ny, and this laxity of expression is the source of man difficulties. Such ordinary every-day wo flower, hore: : seem chiefly to be taken as meaning something whic
t, &e. ; everybody knows and not needing any accurate definition. A flower
- DearL fruit ; fet: separately. The fruit 1s Pr Archania BO, HoNb One ie makany after asda
The ovary is part of the gyncecium o
104 PSEUDOCARPS.
‘ fruit. As the ceclum may consist of many parts, either separate or combined—that is, may be apecarpous or syncarpous—it follows that en the gyncecium is syncarpous only one fruit can be formed by one flower, while in apocarpous gynecia there may be one or many fruits produced. er fertilisation not only does the gynccium become changed, but other parts become modified which often do not even belong to the flower. When a fruit-like structure is thus produced by changes outside the gyncecium of one flower, a pseudocarp is formed. As examples we may therefore take the so-called polygynecial fruits, which by our definition must be excluded from true fruits ; and others such as the strawberry, apple, &c. The strawberry is a pseudocarp,
ocarp arrhodun hollow receptacle modified and enlarged, with achenes. The pome is
natural group pseudocarps, the fruits being small and dry; in the one the perianth oming succulent, while in the other we have a hollow axis of
ce. In the Archisperms the fruit is a nut, a dry indchiscent fruit, the hard pericarp consisting of two carpels. As fruits the cone and
e € thus a pseudocarp formed of thr t ‘ease the pee i rae ed 0 ee nuts and three succulen one to the other; and as in the Metasperms (¢.9., the Rosacew) we see the close relationship of achene and drupe, so in the Archi ee we have the achene or nut of the yew contrasted with the drupe of Salisburia with the succulent exterior and ligneous inner part of the pericarp.
Having pointed out the relation of the drupe { it may be as well to state that there se patie here athe achene and the follicle, tapsule up to the berry.
SHORT NOTES AND QUERIES; 105
age among the pseudocarps, it is unnecessary to cme apee it further here. By the separation of the pseudocarps from the true fruits I | uae that the classification of fruits will be src ear simplified.
ON SCHIZOBASIS, A NEW GENUS OF LILIACE2Z FROM - CAPE COLONY. By J. G. Baxzr, F.L.S.
ScuizoBasis » Baker.—Perianthium 6-partitum segmentis ligulatis equalibus dorso uninervatis, flore expanso falcatis, marcescentibus post anthesin supra basin circumscissis, apice coherentibus spiraliter convolutis capsulam immaturam calyptratim coronantibus. Stamina ? inclusa, filamentis hypogynis mcr subeequalibus sige antheri oblongis versatilibus. Ovarium lobosum sessile ovulis oculo 2
u
sequilo same ni Boe. seminibus in loculo 2 triquetris, testa nigra mem-
mes
ose Pedicels subpatent a ascending, always solitary, the lower 4 in ong. Rachis of the panicle 3—4 inches long, the upper branche simple thelower forked. Bracts solitary, membranous, deltoid, very m. ; ute. Perianth whitish, 4 inch long. Sainiils roundish, about
4 line lon This ¢ curious little plant is an interesting addition to the tribe Chlorogalea, of which only three genera om four species were previously known : Chlorogalum, Californi with two species; Me olina, from the Southern “United States, w swith one species; and
An
; ity. This is a short mile from the town, chiefly oh ‘ a Sead as on ahige -eound no not far from the s sea. aie ant w se
Civ
oo
106 SHORT NOTES AND QUERIES.
and and banks around ; how long it may have flourished there it is impossible to determine, "the spot being little frequented and some’ distance from any road.—Etm. A. Lomax. [Mrs. Lomax has also sent specimens to the Bot. Exchange Club, and Dr. Boswell-Syme, who has examined them, writes: ‘‘ 1 th hink there cannot be any doubt about the Echium being E. plantagineum. The Cornwall —— are much less robust than the Jersey ones, and look as if gr and exposure which did not suit them ; the leaves are thin as if grown in shade.” Two young specimens quite like the Cornwall ones are contained in the herbarium of the British Museum, labelled ** Hehium violaceum ; Isle of Wight, Mrs. Sissige Gray,” having been received from the late Mrs. Robinson in 1847. This is also, I believe, an unre- corded locality for £. plantagineum. — Ei. ae Bot. ]
nts oF Penzance.—During a short visit to Penzance last autumn I came across several specimens of two yellow labiate plants which my ‘‘ Hooker” did not enable me to identify. One of these I find is Stachys annua, L.; with regard to the other I have been favoured with the following ste from Dr. Boswell-Syme :—‘‘ Your labiate is Sideritis romana, L. I never saw the plant alive, so can-
which I found in the vicinity of Penzance. On the green occur Delphinium Consolida, L., sparingly; Reseda fruticulosa, L., main- taining its stand in its 1835 habitat, given in the New Bot. Guide Wis
0) howev:
locality is the same. On the adjacent sandy shore I found, with —— Dactylon, “an Bupleurum rotundifolium, L., Centaurea Caleitrapa, L., and Panicum miliaceum, L. Borago officinalis, 1.., is carol common